THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE 

AT 

DEIR  EL-BAHARI 

PAET  II. 


BY 

EDOUARD  NAVILLE 

Hon.  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  Litt.D.,  Hon.  F.S.A. 

MEMBER  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  OP  FRANCE  ; 
FOREIGN  MEMBER  OF  THE  HUNGARIAN  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE  ; 
FELLOW  OF  KING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON  ; 
PROFESSOR    OF    EGYPTOLOGY    AT    THE    UNIVERSITY    OF  GENEVA 

WITH  ARCHITECTURAL  DESCRIPTION  BY 

SOMERS    CLARKE,  F.S.A. 


THIETIETH    MEMOIE  OF 

THE    EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND 


PUBLISHED  BY  OBDEB   OF  THE  COMMITTEE 


LiONDON 

SOLD  AT 

The  OFFICES  OF  THE  EGYPT  EXPLOEATION  FUND,  37,  Great  Eussell  Street,  W.C. 

and  527,  Tremont  Temple,  Boston,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 

and  by  KEG  AN  PAUL,  TRENCH,  TRUBNER  &  CO.,  Dryden  House,  43,  Gerrard  Street,  Soho,  W. 
B.  QUARITCH,  11,  Grafton  Street,  New  Bond  Street,  W. ;  ASHER  &  CO.,  14,  Bedford  Street,  Covent  Garden,  AV.C,  and 
56,  Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin  ;  and  HENRY  FROWDE,  Amen  Corner,  E.C.,  and  29-35,  West  32nd  Street,  New  York,  U.S.A. 

1910 


Digitized  by 

the  Internet  Archive 

in  2014 

https://archive.org/details/xithdynastytempl02navi 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE 

AT 

DEIR  EL-BAHARI 

PAET  II. 


BY 

EDOUARD     N  A.  V  I L  L  E 

Hon.  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  Litt.D.,  Hon.  F.S.A. 

MEMBER  OF  THE  INSTITUTE  OP  FRANCE  ; 
FOREIGN  MEMBER  OF  THE  HUNGARIAN  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE  J 
FELLOW  OF  KING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON; 
PROFESSOR    OF    EGYPTOLOGY    AT    THE    UNIVERSITY    OF  GENEVA 

WITH  ARCHITECTURAL  DESCRIPTION  BY 

SOMERS    CLARKE,  F.S.A. 


THIETIETH    MEMOIR  OF 

THE    EGYPT   EXPLORATION  FUND 


PUBLISHED  BY  ORDER   OF  THE  COMMITTEE 


LONDON 

SOLD  AT 

The  OFFICES  OF  THE  EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND,  37,  Great  Russell  Street,  W.C. 

and  527,  Tremont  Temple,  Boston,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 
and  by  KEGAN  PAUL,  TRENCH,  TRUBNER  &  CO.,  Dryden  House,  43,  Gerrard  Street,  Soho,  W. 
B.  QUARITCH,  11,  Grafton  Street,  New  Bond  Street,  W. ;  ASHER  &  CO.,  14,  Bedford  Street,  Covent  Garden,  "W.C,  and 
56,  Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin;  and  HENRY  FROWDE,  Amen  Corner, E.C.,  and  29-35,  West  32nd  Street,  New  York, U.S.A. 


1910 


EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND 


flJresl&ent 

The  Et.  Hon.  The  EAEL  OF  CEOMEE,  G.C.B.,  O.M.,  G.C.M.G.,  K.O.S.I.  (Egypt) 


lDtcc=fl5rcs(i5ents 


The  Eev.  Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  M.A.,  LL.D. 
Field  Marshal   Lord   Grenfell,  G.C.B. 

G.CM.G.,  etc. 
Prof.  W.  W.  Goodwin  (U.S.A.) 
The  Hon.  Chas.  L.  Hutchinson  (U.S.A.) 
Prof.  Ad.  Erman,  Ph.D.  (Germany) 


Sir   Gaston   Maspero,    G.C.M.G.,  D.C.L. 
(France) 

Josiah  Mullens,  Esq.  (Australia) 
Prof.  Edouard  Naville,  Hon.  D.C.L. ,  etc., 
etc.  (Switzerland) 


1foon.  treasurers 

H.  A.  Grueber,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Eobert  Farquhar,  Esq.  (U.S.A.) 


'Ibon.  Secretaries 

J.  S.  Cotton,  Esq.,  M.A.      Dwight  Lathrop  Elmendorf,  Esq.,  A.B.,  A.M. ;  Ph.D.  (U.S.A.) 


Members  i 

C.  F.  Moberly  Bell,  Esq. 
Somers  Clarke,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Newton  Crane,  Esq.  (U.S.A.) 

Arthur  John  Evans,  Esq.,  M.A.,  D.Litt., 
F.E.S. 

Prof.  Ernest  A.  Gardner,  M.A. 

F.  Ll.  Griffith,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

The  Eev.  Arthur  Cayley  Headlam,  D.D. 

D.  G.  Hogarth,  Esq.,  M.A. 

F.  G.  Kenyon,  Esq.,  M.A.,  D.Litt. 

F.  Legge,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Prof.  Alexander  Macalister,  M.D. 


Committee 

Mrs.  McClure. 

The  Eev.  W.  MacGregor,  M.A. 

J.  Grafton  Milne,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Eobert  Mond,  Esq.,  F.E.S.E. 

The  Marquess  of  Northampton. 

Francis  Wm.  Percival,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Dr.  Allen  Sturge. 

Sir  Herbert  Thompson,  Bart. 

Mrs.  Tirard. 

John  Ward,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

T.  Herbert  Warren,  Esq.,  M.A.,  D.C.L. 

E.  Towry  Whyte,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 


LONDON : 

PRINTED  BY  WILLIAM  CLOWES  AND  SONS,  LIMITED, 
DUKE  STREET,  STAMFORD  STREET,  S.E.,  AND  GREAT  WINDMILL  STREET, 


PREFACE. 


This  volume  gives  the  results  of  the  final  campaign  at  Deir  el-Bahari,  during  the  winter  of 
190G-7,  when  the  work  was  started  by  Mr.  Currelly  shortly  before  my  arrival,  and  we  were 
joined  by  Mr.  Dalison  and  Mr.  Dennis. 

The  back  part  of  the  temple  was  excavated  during  that  season.  It  led  to  the  discovery 
of  the  subterranean  sanctuary;  and,  the  whole  building  having  been  cleared,  a  complete  plan  of 
the  structure  could  be  made. 

Unlike  Part  I.,  we  have  here  the  description  of  a  finished  work.  In  some  respects  it  has 
modified  the  views  we  had  derived  from  the  former  excavations,  but  it  has  shown  conclusively 
that  this  curious  temple  is  the  work  of  one  king,  and  that  the  small  shrines  bearing  the  name 
of  another  ruler  are  certainly  later  additions. 

In  this  volume  Mr.  Somers  Clarke  has  again  given  us  the  benefit  of  his  great  experience 
of  Egyptian  architecture.  We  are  indebted  to  him  for  the  restorations  of  the  temple,  made 
with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Edmond  Fatio  of  Geneva,  the  author  of  the  plans  and  of  the  perspective 
drawings  in  the  frontispiece. 

Special  attention  has  been  given  to  the  shrines,  some  of  which  have  been  restored  by 
Mme.  Naville  from  a  great  number  of  fragments.  As  this  kind  of  monument  is  at  present 
unique,  several  coloured  plates  of  these  fragments  have  been  given  ;  and  this  accounts  for  the 
number  of  plates  not  being  so  large  as  in  Part  I. 

Phototypes  and  coloured  plates  have  again  been  executed  by  the  "  Societe  des  Arts 
Graphiques  "  in  Geneva. 

With  this  volume  ends  the  description  of  all  that  is  part  of  the  funerary  temple  of  Mentu- 
hetep  II.  In  the  next  Part  we  shall  give  an  account  of  the  small  objects  and  votive  statues 
which  were  deposited  in  its  precincts  at  various  times,  most  of  them  much  later  than  the 
construction,  to  which  they  do  not  properly  belong. 

EDOUARD  NAVILLE. 

Malagny,  March,  1910. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Chapter     I.    The  Western  Part  of  the  Temple.    By  Edouard  Naville    ...  1 

Chapter   II.    The  Shrines.    By  Edouard  Naville  6 

Chapter  III.  The  XIth  Dynasty  and  later  Kings.  By  Edouard  Naville  .  .  10 
Chapter  IV.  Architectural  Descriptions.  By  Somers  Clarke  .  .  .  .  .13 
Chapter  V.  Description  of  the  Plates.  By  Edouard  Naville  ....  20 
Index   27 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT 

DEER  EL-BAHAEL 

PAET  II. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  WESTERN   PART  OF  THE  TEMPLE. 

By  Edouard  Naville. 


During  the  winter  of  1906-7  the  excavation  of 
the  temple  of  the  XIth  Dynasty  at  Deir  el- 
Bahari  was  entirely  finished.  The  back  part 
was  cleared,  and  we  could  ascertain,  not  only 
that  this  back  part  was  more  extensive  than  the 
pyramid  with  the  surrounding  colonnade,  but 
that  it  was  the  main  part  of  the  construction, 
what  we  may  call  the  temple  itself,  where  stood 
the  chief  sanctuary.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the 
temple  was  built  within  a  rectangle  cut  in  the 
mountain,  so  that  on  three  sides  the  colonnades 
stood  against  natural  rock  walls. 

In  the  spring  of  1906  we  had  stopped  at  the 
entrance  of  a  wide  sloping  passage  going  down 
into  the  rock.  This  starts  from  the  middle 
of  a  court,  lined  on  both  sides  with  a  single 
colonnade.  When  we  began  clearing  the  passage 
we  very  soon  saw  that  it  sank  into  the  rock,  while 
the  temple  continued  above  at  a  slightly  higher 
level  than  the  court ;  and,  to  our  great  surprise, 
we  discovered  parallel  rows  of  columns  which 
extended  from  one  side  of  the  rock  to  the  other. 
We  found  as  many  as  ten  rows  of  eight  columns 
each,  so  that  there  was  in  front  of  the  end  wall 
on  the  west  a  large  hypostyle  hall  of  eighty 
columns,  built  in  front  of  a  small  speos  cut  also 
in  the  rock  (PI.  iii.).  The  columns,  of  most  of 
which  we  found  only  the  bases,  are  exactly 


like  those  of  the  other  colonnades,  in  sand- 
stone with  a  white  coating,  and  with  the  name 
of  Mentuhetep  II.  in  blue. 

The  rock  was  everywhere  covered  with  a  stone 
facing,  on  which  were  sculptured  scenes  of  worship 
and  offerings  ;  we  found  a  great  many  fragments 
of  them,  but  except  for  two  pieces  these  facing- 
stones  were  entirely  destroyed.  It  is  evident 
that  already  at  a  very  early  date  the  temple  was 
a  convenient  quarry.  The  stone  material  was 
used  in  the  structures  raised  by  the  kings  of  the 
XlXth  and  XXth  Dynasties. 

This  great  hypostyle  hall  is  interesting  be- 
cause it  shows  the  same  disposition  which  we 
find  later,  especially  at  Karnak,  the  pronaos 
developing  into  a  large  hall.  It  is  the  first 
example  of  a  hall  of  eighty  columns,  in  front 
of  what  Strabo  calls  the  0-77  ko?,  the  sanctuary. 

The  Egyptians  gave  various  names  to  such  a 
hall;  one  of  the  most  frequent  being  usehht 
the  "  wide  hall,"  or  sometimes  the  "  hall  of  the 
rising."  Its  existence  here  shows  also  that  the 
form  of  worship,  the  ritual,  at  the  time  of  the 
XIth  Dynasty  was  very  like  what  it  was  later  on. 
In  this  hall  the  great  processions,  one  of  the  most 
important  ceremonies  of  the  Egyptian  cult,  were 
formed ;  there  they  marched,  the  priests  carry- 
ing on  their  shoulders  the  sacred  boat,  with  a 

B 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHARI. 


shrine  containing  the  emblem  of  the  god  or 
goddess  of  the  temple. 

We  see  further  that  between  the  pronaos  and 
what  we  shall  call  the  holy  of  holies,  where  the 
sacred  emblem  was  preserved,  there  was  a  room, 
called,  as  we  know  from  Ptolemaic  inscriptions, 
the  "  room  of  the  altar  "  or  "  of  offerings."  This 
room  exists  in  the  shrine  of  Hath  or  in  the  great 
temple.1  But  in  the  old  temple  it  is  not  isolated; 
it  is  cut  out  of  the  hypostyle  hall.  It  is  formed 
by  two  limestone  walls  enclosing  six  columns, 
and  turning  at  right  angles,  so  as  to  make  a 
door.  Between  the  columns,  in  the  middle  of 
the  passage,  is  a  cubic  block  of  limestone,  with  a 
circular  depression  cut  in  the  sloping  top  (PI. 
iv.).  This  is  clearly  an  altar.  Not  very  far 
from  this  hall  was  found  the  table  of  offerings 
with  the  name  of  Mentuhetep  II.  (PI.  x.). 

On  the  limestone  walls  of  this  hall,  inside  and 
outside,  were  beautiful  sculptures,  of  which  we 
found  several  fragments. 

One  of  them  is  particularly  interesting,  be- 
cause it  shows  that  the  king  was  the  god  or  one 
of  the  gods  of  the  place  (PI.  v.  d).  He  is  seen 
sitting  on  a  throne  ;  he  holds  a  long  stick  and  the 
flail  of  Osiris.  On  the  throne  is  painted  the 
emblem  of  the  union  of  both  parts  of  Egypt. 
Underneath  is  a  formula  which  is  frequently 
found  on  the  throne  of  a  living  king :  "  life, 
duration,  happiness,  joy  are  before  the  feet  of 
this  good  god ;  the  tuat  rekhiu  live  every  day." 
The  amulets  of  life,  stability,  and  happiuess  are 
painted  above  the  throne  ;  and  curiously  the  ^ 

is  here  replaced  by  the  buckle  ^.    What  shows 

that  the  icing  is  alive  is  the  fact  that  a  god,  whose 
hand  only  is  seen,  is  worshipping  him ;  behind  him 
are  Set  and  Hathor.  The  inscription  shows  that 
Set  has  been  restored  by  Rameses  II.,  who  was 
a  worshipper  of  this  god,  as  we  know  from  many 
inscriptions,  especially  those  at  Bubastis.  On 
another  block  (PI.  v.  c)  Mentuhetep  is  between 
two  gods  ;  behind  him  is  Hathor  who  says  :  "I 


will  join  for  thee  the  two  lands  as  was  ordered 
by  the  spirits  of  .  .  .  ."  The  king  stands  with 
hanging  arms  in  the  altitude  of  prayer.  In 
front  of  him  stood  another  god  who  has  dis- 
appeared.  We  also  see  him  making  the  long 
stride  (PI.  vi.  a)  when  he  makes  the  offering  of 
a  field,  and  being  embraced  by  two  gods,  one 
of  whom  is  Harmachis,  the  other  who  has 
disappeared  being  probably  Set  (PI.  vi.  b). 

On  small  fragments  of  the  cornice  the  name 
of  the  king  is  written  without  a  cartouche 
(PI.  x.  f),  showing  that  in  his  day  the  custom 
of  enclosing  the  royal  name  in  a  cartouche  was 
not  so  well  established  as  in  later  times.  At 
the  end  of  what  I  have  called  the  "  room  of  offer- 
ings "  was  a  small  sanctuary  cut  in  the  rock  ;  of 
this  sanctuary  nothing  at  all  remains  (PI.  iv.  a). 
It  is  called  Lord  Dufferin's  tomb,  because  it  was 
in  that  place  that  Lord  Dufferin  made  his  ex- 
cavations. This  sanctuary  must  have  contained 
the  emblems  of  the  divinities  worshipped  in  the 
temple.  One  of  them  was  certainly  the  king 
himself;  and  it  is  just  possible  that  the  statue 
of  Mentuhetep  in  Lord  Dufferin's  collection  may 
have  been  the  image  of  the  kino;  which  was 

o  O 

placed  in  the  sanctuary,  since  the  rock  was 
too  soft  to  allow  statues  to  be  cut  out  of  it,  as 
can  be  seen  at  Abu  Simbel.  The  other  gods  I 
suppose  to  have  been  Anion  and  Hathor.  This 
is  the  first  instance  of  a  king  instituting  a 
worship  to  himself  during  his  lifetime,  as  was 
done  repeatedly  later  on,  especially  by  the  queen 
Hatshepsu  in  the  large  temple.  There  we  see 
her  alive  on  a  throne,  receiving  all  kinds  of 
offerings  from  a  long  procession  of  priests  and 
attendants.1  The  funerary  worship  which  the 
king  received  after  his  death  was  only  a  con- 
tinuation of  what  had  been  paid  to  him  during 
his  lifetime.  We  have  seen  before  that  Mentu- 
hetep II.  was  for  a  long  time  the  chief  divinity 
of  this  particular  spot. 

On  both  sides  of  the  sanctuary,  in  the  angles 


1  Deir  el-Bahari  IV,  PI.  104, 


1  Deir  el-Bahari  IV.,  PI.  110. 


THE  WESTEEN  PAET  OF  THE  TEMPLE. 


3 


of  the  hypostyle  hall,  were  tombs.  One  of  them, 
the  northern  one,  is  very  small.  It  consists  of  a 
chamber  on  the  side  of  a  pit.  It  was  absolutely 
empty.  Possibly  it  may  have  been  emptied 
during  the  former  excavations.  Mariette  had 
worked  on  this  spot ;  for  between  this  tomb 
and  the  altar,  we  found  a  table  of  offerings  in 
red  granite  with  the  name  of  the  king,  which 
was  already  known  to  Mariette,  and  of  which  he 
left  a  memorandum  (PI.  x.  a). 

The  tomb  at  the  other  angle  is  much  more 
important  (PI.  viii.).  A  sloping  passage  leads  to 
a  chamber  containing  a  sarcophagus  of  common 
alabaster  with  very  thick  sides.  It  is  made  of 
five  pieces.  The  lid  has  disappeared.  Probably 
the  name,  if  there  was  one,  was  engraved  on 
it.  We  could  not  find  any  trace  of  engraved  or 
written  signs.  The  description  would  agree  with 
that  of  a  sarcophagus  mentioned  by  M.  Daressy 
as  having  been  found  in  Lord  Dufferin's  excava- 
tions, and  which  was  made  of  very  thick  alabaster 
slabs.    It  had  the  name  of  the  queen  Temem 


But  then  we  must  admit  that  the 


inscriptions  on  both  sides  which  were  read  by 
M.  Daressy  had  completely  disappeared.  M. 
Maspero  describes  the  same  sarcophagus  as  being 
of  compact  white  limestone  with  inscriptions  in 
a  greenish  ink.    According  to  M.  Maspero,  Temem 

will  have  been  the  queen  of       ^37  J  J| ,  which 

seems  quite  possible,  considering  the  place  which 
this  tomb  occupied,  at  a  short  distance  only 
from  the  sanctuary  of  which  that  king  was  the 
chief  god.  Thus  we  see  already  in  the  Xlth 
Dynasty  the  funerary  temple  of  a  king  becoming 
a  cemetery.  We  do  not  know  yet  where  the 
kino;  himself  was  buried. 

In  the  middle  of  the  court  which  is  before 
the  hypostyle  hall  opens  a  sloping  passage, 
disappearing  very  soon  in  the  rock  (PI.  vii.). 
It  was  choked  at  the  entrance  by  enormous 
stones,  and  it  looked  very  much  like  a  tomb- 
dromos,  such  as  are  numerous  in  the  valley  of 
the  kings.    When  we  had  opened  it,  we  saw 


that  it  was  a  wide  rock-cut  corridor,  with  a 
ceiling  in  the  form  of  an  arch.  The  door,  which 
is  rectangular,  must  have  been  lined  and  orna- 
mented with  a  limestone  coating  now  entirely 
destroyed.  Near  the  entrance  on  the  right  is 
a  rock-cut  niche  about  4  feet  deep,  which  we 
found  full  of  wooden  figures  of  the  usual  type 
of  the  Xlth  and  Xllth  Dynasties.  These  figures 
were  all  more  or  less  broken,  and  not  at  all 
remarkable  as  works  of  art.  I  think  they  were 
the  images  of  the  servants  supposed  to  attend 
the  ka  worshipped  in  the  sanctuary. 

The  passage  was  empty,  and  after  the  stones 
had  been  removed,  one  could  walk  upright  in  it, 
but  at  a  distance  of  about  150  feet  from  the 
entrance  it  begins  to  be  vaulted  and  the  vault 
goes  down  to  the  bottom  (PI.  vii.  c).  This 
vault  is  made  in  a  rather  primitive  way.  It 
consists  of  two  sandstone  slabs,  cut  in  the 
form  of  a  half-arch  and  abutting-  against  each 
other  along  the  middle  line  of  the  ceiling.  The 
lower  ends  of  these  blocks  rest  on  a  groove  in 
the  rock,  and  on  the  edge  of  a  vertical  slab 
below.  In  order  to  prevent  these  slabs  from 
coming  forward,  which  would  certainly  have 
caused  the  arch  to  collapse,  a  wall  of  dry  stone 
was  built  against  them,  along  the  whole  line 
of  the  passage,  the  middle  of  which  remained  free 
and  wide  enough  to  allow  a  man  to  go  down 
easily.  Although  this  kind  of  construction  seems 
to  us  rather  precarious,  it  has  not  given  way,  and 
the  whole  line  of  the  vault  is  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation  except  quite  at  the  end,  where  opens 
a  very  small  chamber,  the  ceiling  of  which  has 
been  propped  up  in  old  times  by  timber  and  by 
fragments  of  an  old  wooden  coffin. 

At  the  end  of  the  chamber  were  blocks  of 
granite  more  or  less  covered  by  bricks.  When 
these  bricks  had  been  removed,  a  panelled  wall 
appeared  with  a  small  door  at  the  foot.  This 
door  was  obstructed  by  a  stone. 

When  it  was  possible  to  pass  that  door  we 
entered  into  a  granite  chamber  extremely  well 
built,  made  of  large  blocks    of   syenite  well 


4 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHARI. 


polished,  and  with  perfect  joints.  The  ceiling  is 
made  of  two  slabs  leaning  against  each  other. 
It  reminds  one  of  the  chambers  in  the  Pyramids. 
The  greatest  part  of  the  room  is  occupied  by  a 
shrine  made  of  large  blocks  of  the  finest  quality 
of  alabaster  (PI.  vii.  e). 

The  ceilins;  consists  of  one  single  Granite  slab 
over  which  lies  the  cornice  made  of  alabaster. 
There  are  no  inscriptions  properly  speaking,  nor 
any  ornament  except  a  thick  moulding.  The 
shrine  had  in  old  times  a  double-leaved  door, 
probably  made  of  wood  with  bronze  ornaments. 
Between  the  wall  of  the  chamber  and  the  shrine 
are  remains  of  a  block  granite  casing,  part  of 
which  is  still  in  situ.  We  have  other  examples 
of  alabaster  shrines  being  thus  enveloped  by  a 
casing  of  harder  stone :  for  instance,  in  the  temple 
of  Rameses  II.  at  Abydos,  where  the  great  shrine 
in  alabaster  is  surrounded  by  an  outer  case  of 
sandstone. 

This  granite  chamber  with  its  shrine  has  often 
been  called  a  tomb.  I  believe  this  interpretation 
to  be  erroneous.  It  is  not  a  tomb ;  it  is  a 
sanctuary.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  shrine 
contained  a  sarcophagus.  This  would  hardly  be 
possible  ;  its  measurements  would  be  very  small 
for  a  thick  alabaster  coffin  like  those  we  have 
found  in  other  tombs  of  this  time,  or  even  for  a 
wooden  one.  Besides,  it  would  be  contrary  to  the 
religious  ideas  of  the  Egyptians,  such  as  we  know 
them,  to  put  a  coffin  in  a  place  which  was 
accessible,  and  which  might  easily  be  opened. 
The  tradition,  such  as  it  was  established  already 
under  the  first  Dynasties,  was  that  the  body  was 
hidden  in  a  hermetically  closed  room  at  the 
bottom  of  a  pit  filled  with  rubbish  ;  the  offerings 
were  brought  and  the  worships  carried  on  in  the 
upper  rooms,  to  which  the  members  of  the  family 
or  the  priests  had  access. 

Stone  shrines  contained  the  emblems  of  a  god 
of  a  temple  ;  these  emblems  might  be  taken  out, 
put  in  a  wooden  naos  on  a  boat,  and  carried  in 
the  processions  on  the  shoulders  of  the  priests. 
Or  the  shrines  were  made  for  the  statue  cf  the 


divinity.1  On  certain  occasions  the  king  or  the 
priest  opened  the  doors,  executed  some  religious 
ceremonies,  pronouncing  liturgical  words,  after 
which  he  closed  the  doors  again,  and  often  sealed 
them  with  clay.  We  have  reason  to  suppose  that 
this  shrine  had  another  purpose,  that  it  contained 
the  statue,  the  image  of  the  ka  of  the  king. 

We  have  an  instance  of  the  same  kind  of  the 
time  of  the  Xllth  Dynasty,  at  Daschour. 

There,  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit  was  a  passage 
leadins;  to  two  rooms.    One  contained  the  coffin 


of  a  king  <>J,  the  other  contained  a 

wooden  shrine  in  which  stood  his  very  fine  statue 
which  is  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum.  At  Deir 
el-Bahari  we  have  only  one  half  of  what  M.  de 
Morgan  calls  the  funerary  apartment,  we  have 
only  the  room  of  the  shrine  ;  the  room  with  the 
sarcophagus  has  not  been  found.  It  may  have 
been  in  the  neighbourhood  or  some  distance  off. 

In  the  shrine  itself  and  in  the  narrow  space  in 
front  of  it,  were  heaps  of  pieces  of  wood,  broken 
sceptres,  canes,  and  bows,  and  two  small  boats 
with  a  few  of  their  figures ;  they  probably  were 
broken  intentionally,  as  was  the  case  with  the 
numerous  objects  of  the  same  kind  found  at 
Daschour.  There  was  not  a  fragment  of  coffin 
either  in  stone  or  wood.  A  very  small  piece 
of  bone  picked  up  by  Mr.  Dennis,  if  it  be  human, 
which  is  doubtful,  may  come  from  a  late  burial. 

I  believe  this  shrine  is  the  tebt  of  the 

ka,  where  it  is  often  said  that  he  is  living.  On 
the  walls  the  only  hieroglyphic  signs,  which 

were  written  near  the  joints,  were  ^^pjjj- 
Abundance  of  life,  duration,  and  happiness  are 
gifts  made  to  a  living  king,  to  his  ka,  or  to  a 
god,  but  not  to  a  mummy.  All  round  the  shrine 
in  a  line  were  holes  for  pegs  or  hooks,  which  were 
either  for  offerings  or  rather  for  garments.  For 
we  found  also  in  the  shrine  heaps  of  mummy 
cloth.    I  believe  they  were  the  garments  or  the 


1  See  Mariette,  Abydos,  L,  p.  35,  where  each  god  has 
his  shrine. 


THE  WESTEEN  PART  OF  THE  TEMPLE. 


5 


wrappings  of  the  ha.  I  do  not  think  that  he 
was  absolutely  naked  as  the  statue  of  ^\ 
is.  He  was  wrapped  up  in  bandages  or  clothes. 
The  proof  of  this  is  to  be  found  in  scenes  of  the 
Ritual.  At  Deir  el-Bahari,  we  see  the  king 
opening  the  shrine  in  which  stood  the  god  Phtah, 
in  order  to  do  what  is  called  removing  the 
bandages  or  garments.  This  ceremony  is  found 
with  the  accompanying  text  in  the  Ritual,  where 
we  see  that  after  the  removal  of  the  clothes  or 
bandages,  or  whatever  they  are,  the  wrapping 
up  of  the  body  in  a  cloth  called  nems  took 
place.1 

All  these  facts  seem  to  me  to  show  conclusively 
that  the  shrine  was  a  subterranean  sanctuary,  the 
place  where  the  ha  of  the  king  was  worshipped. 
I  believe  the  name  of  it  is  found  in  the  stele  of 
the  Xllth  Dynasty,  which  was  discovered  not  far 
from  the  entrance  of  the  passage.2    It  is  called 


1  Mabiette,  Abydos,  i.,  pp.  42  and  43. 

2  I.,  PL  xxiv.,  p.  58. 


f  o  J  J,  "  the  valley,"  or  rather  the  cave  of 
Neb-hepet-Ra ;  and  it  must  have  been  the  object 
of  great  veneration,  since  King  Usertsen  III. 
allotted  to  it  daily  offerings  which  were  to  be 
taken  from  those -of  the  temple  of  Amon,  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river.  We  have  here  at  this 
early  epoch  an  interesting  analogy  with  the 
crypts  of  our  cathedrals. 

In  the  temple  above,  hardly  anything  remains 
of  the  walls  built  against  the  rock  ;  the  frag- 
ments show  that  there  was  much  sandstone 
on  which  were  engraved  probably  scenes  of 
hunting,  or  agricultural  pursuits  (Pi.  ix.  b). 
There  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  war- 
fare recorded  among  these  sculptures.  In  the 
ornamentation  and  on  the  columns  no  other 

cartouche  appears  than  that  of  |].  This 

back  part  of  the  temple  was  certainly  built  at 
the  same  time  as  the  front  colonnades  on  the 
platform  of  the  pyramid.  It  seems  even  probable 
that  the  building  began  with  this  part,  since  it 
was  necessary  to  cut  out  the  rock. 


6 


CHAPTER  II. 


THE  SHRINES. 


By  Edouard  Naville. 


Another  construction  which  is  unique  and 
which  has  not  been  found  in  any  other  temple, 
is  the  shrines  of  the  princesses.  They  are  six 
in  number,  all  in  a  line,  inserted  in  the  wall 
dividing  the  court  in  front  of  the  hypostyle  hall 
from  the  colonnade  around  the  pyramid.  They 
are  connected  with  tombs  dug  in  the  floor  of  the 
court,  and  where  the  stone  coffins  have  been 
found.  Every  one  is  for  a  princess,  who  is  at 
the  same  time  a  priestess  of  Hathor.  They  are 
very  much  ruined  ;  there  are  only  two  of  them 
of  which  small  parts  of  the  walls  have  been  left, 
which  are  recognizable  by  the  plan  engraved 
on  the  floor,  and  by  the  many  fragments  of 
sculpture  which  came  out  of  the  excavations. 
The  fragments  were  sufficiently  numerous,  how- 
ever, to  allow  several  restorations  to  be  made. 
This  work  of  labour  and  patience,  of  which 
two  specimens  are  to  be  seen  on  Pll.  xi.,  xiv., 
has  been  performed  by  Mme.  Naville.  The 
result  has  been  to  identify  five  of  them  and  to 
give  us  the  names  of  the  princesses  for  whom 
they  were  built. 

Beginning  on  the  North  side,  the  first  is 
unknown  ;  we  have  not  discovered  for  whom  it 

wTas  built.    The  next  is    ^  OJ  Aashait, 

the  third  rD^'  ^at^ie>  ^n  tne  °^ier  of 
the  door,  connecting  the  colonnades  with  the 
court,  are 


Kauit, 

Kemsit,  and         iTJ  0j  Henhenit.    There  may 

AAAAAA  /WW^ 

have  been  more  than  six.    Fragments  showing- 


processions  of  these  princesses  give  us  other 
and 


names, 

Their  title  is  difficult  to  understand,  ^ 


|^L     g,  "the    favourite,    the   prophetess  of 

Hathor  " ;  these  words  are  easy  enough,  but  what 

is  the  meaning  of        ?     One  would  be  tempted 

to  translate  "  the  unique,  the  only  one,"  but  that 
would  not  agree  with  the  fact  of  their  being  at 
least  six.     This  epithet  is  found  also  in  the 

masculine  in  this  title,  ^  ^  ,  where  the  trans- 
lation "the  sole  friend"  is  equally  incongruous. 
I  should  think  that  it  has  a  meaning  of  the  same 

kind  as  the  $  for  the  priests,  viz.,  "the  class,  the 
rank  "  ;  and  I  would  translate  "  a  royal  favourite 
of  the  first  rank,"  implying  that  they  might  be 

raised  to  the  position  of  ^  "  royal  wife."  We 
know  it  for  certain  of  Aashait.  Her  title  is 
^  ^  the  "  wife  of  the  king,  who  loves  him." 
A  fragment,  of  which  we  have  not  found  to  whom 
it  belongs,  reads  ^  ^  [SI"  °U  anotlier 
of  Kauit  (I.,  PI.  xviii.),  we  read  SI,  which 
seems  to  be  ^j;  and  on  another  of  Sadhe,  we 
have  ^  before  the  title  of  favourite,  and  a 
stroke  which  looks  like  part  of  Besides,  in 

front  of  a  figure  belonging  to  a  procession  of 

princesses,  we  read  again  jj§j>  uot  know- 
ing the  name  (I.,  PI.  xvii.  b).    The  probability  is 


THE  SHRINES. 


7 


that  all  were  1^,  "royal  woman"  or  "royal 
wife",  which  does  not  exclude  the  title  of  I 

"  royal  favourite,"  as  we  can  see  on  the  fragment 
of  Aashait  (PI.  xviii.).  It  is  extraordinary  that 
they  seem  to  have  valued  more  the  second  title 
than  that  of  "  royal  wife,"  since  it  is  the  second 
which  occurs  more  frequently  in  the  shrines,  and 
always  on  the  coffins  which  have  been  preserved. 

We  cannot  say  with  certainty  whether  all 
were  the  favourites  of  the  same  king ;  the  only 
king  whom  we  find  mentioned  on  the  scanty 

remains  is  the  Mentuhetep  called  to  whom 

I  have  given  the  number  III.,  and  who  is  said  to 
be  dead  at  the  time  when  the  shrine  of  Aashait 
was  built;  so  that  it  is  probable  that  all  lived 
under  his  reign,  that  all  were  his  favourites 
and  belonged  to  his  harem.  Mr.  Somers  Clarke 
insists  on  the  fact  that  the  temple  was  absolutely 
finished  before  tombs  and  shrines  were  inserted 
in  it.  To  the  weighty  arguments  of  the  expert 
might  be  added  this :  the  large  platform  in 
which  the  tombs  have  been  sunk,  and  on  which 
the  shrines  have  been  built,  did  not  exist  before 
it  had  been  cut  out  of  the  rock  for  raising  the 
temple.  Before  that,  there  was  only  the  slope  of 
the  mountain. 

Since  the  building  of  the  shrines  and  the  sink- 
ing of  the  tomb  rendered  it  necessary  to  make  im- 
portant repairs  in  the  temple,  it  is  probable  that  all 
the  work  was  done  at  the  same  time ;  a  fact  which 
is  difficult  to  explain.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
when  the  king  died,  all  his  favourites  were  put 
to  death,  so  as  to  follow  him  in  the  other  world. 
This  explanation  is  very  simple — but  at  present 
we  have  no  ascertained  example  of  such  a  bar- 
barous custom  in  ancient  Egypt.  Another  ex- 
planation would  be  that  the  bodies  of  these 
princesses  were  brought  together  and  buried  when 
possibly  some  change  was  made  in  reference  to 
the  worship  of  Hathor.  Except  in  the  inscrip- 
tions on  these  shrines  we  find  hardly  anything 
connected  with  Hathor  under  the  Xlth  Dynasty. 
The  chief  worship  seems  to  have  been  that  of 


Anion.  It  is  possible  that  Mentuhetep  III.  en- 
larged the  cult  of  Hathor  ;  he  may  have  been 
the  first  author  of  the  chapel  which  Thothmes  III. 
afterwards  renewed  and  decorated,  and  where 
his  son  put  the  cow.  On  some  such  occasion  the 
mummies  of  the  princesses  may  have  been  brought 
to  the  temple.  Then  tombs  were  cut  for  them,  and 
for  this  purpose  it  was  necessary  to  remove  the 
columns,  some  of  which  were  raised  afterwards 
over  the  tombs.  They  have  been  useful  preser- 
vatives, since  the  two  coffins  which  were  found 
intact,  those  of  Henhenit  and  Kauit,  both  came 
from  tombs  over  which  columns  were  standing. 
A  proof  that  Mentuhetep  III.  was  especially  in- 
terested in  the  worship  of  Hathor  is  the  inscrip- 
tion of  Gebelein,1  where  the  king  striking  his 
enemies  is  called  "  the  son  of  Hathor,  the  lady  of 
Ant,"  a  name  which  in  this  case  I  should  take  as 
meaning  Upper  Egypt. 

These  shrines  were  small — they  are  never 
above  nine  or  ten  feet  in  height — for  the  only 
one  of  which  we  know  the  exact  dimensions  was 
a  cube ;  its  three  dimensions  were  a  little  over 
nine  feet.  The  plan  seems  to  have  been  very 
simple,  as  we  can  see  from  the  two  vignettes 
giving  the  plans  of  the  shrines  of  Sadhe  and 
Aashait  (p.  8)  ;  there  was  on  the  eastern  side  a 
chamber  closed  by  a  single-leaved  door,  like  the 
ebony  shrine  of  the  great  temple.  This  chamber 
contained  the  statue  of  the  princess  ;  the  bust 
of  one  of  those  statues  has  come  down  to  us  ;  it 
is  in  limestone,  painted  (PI.  ix.  a).  Traces  of 
the  door  are  left  on  the  pavement  of  one  of 
those  shrines,  and  in  one  of  the  blocks  is  the  hole 
where  the  hinge  turned.  We  can  gather  some 
details  as  to  the  construction  and  the  decoration 
of  these  shrines  from  the  coffin  of  Kauit  (I., 
PI.  xx.).  The  chamber  where  stood  the  statue 
must  have  been  small,  and  as  the  shrine  prob- 
ably did  not  contain  anything  else,  the  side 
walls  of  the  chamber  must  have  been  very  thick. 
The  door  of  the  shrine  of  Sadhe  was  75  cm.  in 


1  Bissing-Bruckmann,  PI.  33  a. 


8 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHAEI. 


width,  and  on  both  sides  there  was  a  space  of 
83  cm.  for  sculpture.  The  door  was  made  of 
wood,  and  may  have  had .  the  two  eyes,  5ff;, 
painted  on  it  as  we  see  on  the  sarcophagus  of 
Kauit. 

The  construction  itself  is  independent  of  the 
subjects  which  were  sculptured  on  the  four  faces. 
The  roof  with  the  usual  ribbed  cornice  is  sup- 
ported by  four  columns  with  lotus  capitals.  The 
lotus  figured  there  is  the  blue  lotus,  and  under- 
neath are  five  bands  which  are  supposed  to  tie 
the  flower  around  the  piece  of  wood  which  bears 
the  roof.    The  column  itself  is  not  supposed  to 


Shrink  of  Aa-shait. 


be  the  stalk  of  the  flower  ;  it  is  a  bearer  originally 
of  wood,  which  was  decorated  by  a  lotus  fastened 
around  the  top. 

The  large  panel  which  forms  the  entrance 
facade  (PI.  xi.)  of  the  shrine  of  Sadhe  can  be 
interpreted  as  being  a  representation  of  the 
abode  of  the  princess  in  the  other  world.  All 
the  different  parts  of  the  decoration  go  together; 
they  are  one  single  picture,  the  central  part  of 
which  is  the  middle  scene.  The  whole  is  sur- 
mounted by  the  sky  with  its  stars.  Most  of 
these  scenes  have  been  restored  from  small  frag- 
ments, except   the  second  one  on  the  right, 


which  is  nearly  complete.  In  the  central  part 
over  the  door  we  see  the  princess  in  a  hall, 
which  has  the  usual  ribbed  cornice  ;  the  orna- 
mentation consists  of  zigzag  lines  and  checker- 
work,  evidently  derived  from  textiles,  supposed 
to  represent  draperies  or  carpets ;  there  is  also 
natural  decoration,  the  two  flowers  joined  to- 
gether, which  must  have  had  a  symbolical  mean- 
ing not  yet  explained,  and  also  rows  of  small 
heads  of  hawks,  to  which  we  cannot  give  any  other 
meaning  than  as  being  the  symbols  of  Horus, 
especially  when  they  are  in  connection  with  jj, 
Osiris,  as  we  see  on  the  sides. 


Shrine  of  Sadhe. 


The  princess  is  seated,  holding  two  lotus 
flowers ;  two  female  attendants  stand  in  front 
of  her  and  behind  her,  they  generally  have 
their  name  given ;  they  probably  were  the 
servants  who  attended  her  during  her  lifetime. 
Men  also  are  seen  butchering  a  bull,  of  which 
the  haunches  are  brought  to  her. 

In  the  centre  scene  she  appears  alone.  Only 
once  is  she  seen  with  the  king,  sitting  behind 
him  and  putting  her  hand  on  his  shoulder.  The 
king  is  holding  a  small  vase  to  his  mouth.  As 
far  as  we  can  judge,  the  princess  seems  to  give  a 
higher  value  to  her  title  of  royal  favourite  and 


THE  SHRINES. 


9 


priestess  of  Hathor  than  to  her  position  as 
queen,  as  the  king's  wife.  Evidently  the  college 
of  priestesses  must  have  been  the  object  of  great 
veneration  and  respect. 

Below  we  see  Sadhe  receiving  a  cup  ;  it  contains 
a  drink  called  hiket,  which  is  generally  translated 
"  beer  " ;  one  would  have  thought  that  it  was  the 
milk  given  by  the  cow  underneath,  bat  this  is  not 
the  case  ;  behind  the  attendant  who  presents  the 
cup  is  a  woman  holding  a  lotus.  On  the  other 
side  are  three  men  with  sticks  who  seem  to  be 
coming  towards  the  princess ;  they  are  probably 
those  who  will  have  to  offer  her  all  kinds  of 
scents  and  perfumes,  as  we  see  on  the  coffin  of 
Kauit  (I.,  PI.  xx).  Below,  there  is  only  the 
female  servant  bringing  lotus  flowers  ;  the  figure 
of  the  princess  is  lost.  As  on  the  sarcophagus, 
these  representations  refer  to  ordinary  life  ;  they 
cannot  be  called  religious.  Since  they  do  not 
show  a  worship  of  the  princesses,  as  is  the  case 
for  the  kings,  they  have  a  magical  purpose.  The 
fact  of  these  scenes  being  sculptured  on  the  wall 
will  cause  them  to  exist  in  the  other  world,  and 


will  be  the  means  of  procuring  to  the  princess 
the  enjoyments  of  a  rich  and  easy  life  ;  she  will 
have  plenty  of  food  and  drink,  bulls  will  be 
butchered  for  her,  she  will  be  anointed  with 
choicest  perfumes  of  Punt,  and  her  maids  will 
offer  her  sweet-smelling  flowers. 

The  sides  of  the  shrines  were  very  different 
from  the  face.  As  far  as  we  can  judge  (PI.  xiv.), 
each  side  had  two  panels  separated  by  a  line 
of  vertical  hieroglyphs.1  The  panel  was  again 
divided  into  two,  figuring  real  or  false  doors, 
indicated  by  their  bolts  made  in  the  form  of 
two  flowers.  The  princess  seems  here  to  have 
precedence  over  the  king  who  stands  behind  her. 

The  ornamentation  above  consists  of  rows  of 

Horus  hawks,  and  rows  of  j|,  the  dad,  which  is  a 

symbol  of  Osiris.  It  is  curious  that  we  do  not 
find  any  symbol  of  either  Isis  or  Hathor,  unless 
the  two  flowers  which  are  in  the  middle  may  be 
considered  as  the  emblems  of  a  female  deity. 

1  See  vignettes,  p.  8,  where  they  are  marked  a. 


C 


10 


CHAPTER  III. 


THE   XIth   DYNASTY  AND   LATER  KINGS. 

By  Edouard  Naville. 


The  end  of  our  excavations  has  not  brought 
new  information  as  to  the  series  of  the  kings  ; 
at  the  same  time,  no  fresh  fact  has  been  brought 
to  light  which  would  compel  us  to  make  any 
alterations  in  the  order  which  I  proposed  for  the 
kings  of  the  XIth  Dynasty. 

The  dynasty  begins  with  an  Antef  who  was 

only  <=&>n  and  governor  of  Thebes,  and  who  may 

be  called  Antef  I.  After  him  come  three  kings 
having  only  one  cartouche  and  who  are  called 

Horus.    Their  succession  is  given  by  a  stele 

in  the  British  Museum,  and  they  all  three  appear 
on  the  list  of  Karnak.  The  third  of  these  is 
the  first  Mentuhetep.  For  this  king  there  is  a 
divergence  between  the  list  at  Karnak  and  the 

stele ;   the  list  reads 


 a  V 


!□]' 


while  we  see   on    the  stele 

^it  | 


.    However,  we  have  no  hesitation 

in  considering  these  two  names  as  referring  to 
the  same  king.  We  must  consider  the  date  of  the 
two  inscriptions.  The  stele  is  contemporaneous 
with  the  life  of  Mentuhetep  who  had  the  owner 
of  the  stele  in  his  service,  while  the  list  of  Karnak 
is  of  the  time  of  Thothmes  III.,  several  centuries 
afterwards,  when  the  whole  series  of  the  Mentu- 
heteps  was  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  the  family 

extinct.    In  the  list  Mentuhetep  is  called  I  ^, 

"the  ancestor,"  as  we  should  say,  "the  first." 
It  is  obvious  that  a  name  of  that  kind,  "  the 
ancestor  "  or  "  the  first,"  is  not  given  to  a  king 


during  his  lifetime,  while  it  is  quite  natural  that 
many  generations  afterwards,  when  he  was  known 
to  have  been  the  head  of  a  long  series  of  kings  of 
the  same  name,  he  should  have  been  called  the 
ancestor,  or  the  first.  He  is  therefore  Mentuhetep 
I.  I  consider  him  as  being  the  king  for  whom 
was  dug  the  large  tomb  called  the  Bab  el-Hocan, 
where  his  statue  was  discovered.  The  little 
wooden  box  which  came  from  this  tomb 1  does 
not  give  any  title  or  epithet,  merely  the  name  of 
Mentuhetep,  and  where  for  what  has  been  read 

^  there  really  stands  "1  |  p~^. 


□ 


or 


this  name 


There  is  no  king  Mentuhetep  c 

rests  only  on  mis-readings. 

Mentuhetep  I.  was  the  last  king  with  one 
cartouche  only ;  all  his  successors  to  the  end  of 
the  dynasty  were  likewise  called  Mentuhetep. 

The  first,  whom  I  suppose  to  be  his  son,  is 
QJ,  the  builder  of  the  temple.  This  name 
is  to  be  read  Neb  hepet  Ra.  The  sign  J  is 
certainly  an  oar.  In  the  large  inscriptions  we 
see  on  the  blade  the  two  eyes  (PI.  vi.  c) 
which  are  characteristic  of  the  sacred  oars,  so 
that  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  reading  of  the 
first  cartouche.  He  was  the  first  to  take  two  ; 
though  in  the  inscription  of  his  sanctuary  at  the 
end  of  the  temple  he  has  no  cartouche  at  all. 
He  took  as  his  Horus  name,  l        sa?ntaui,  "he 


1  See  Part  L,  p.  9. 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  AND  LATEE  KINGS. 


11 


who  joins  the  two  lands  "  ;  which  seems  to  show 
that  he  was  the  first  to  unite  again  under  his 
sceptre  the  two  parts  of  Egypt,  and  to  reign 
over  the  whole  country.  This  is  confirmed  by 
an  inscription  mentioning  a  war  against  the 
Aamu,  the  Semites  of  the  Delta,  whom  he  could 
not  reach  unless  he  had  the  command  of  the 
Delta.  This  king  would  thus  be  Mentuhetep  II. 
We  cannot  find  with  absolute  certainty  the  order 
of  the  next  two  Mentuheteps,  whose  first  car- 
touches have  some  similarity  to  that  of  the  first. 
I  should  place  after  him  the  king  of  the  princesses, 

^^37  A.J;  a  Mentuhetep  whose  first  cartouche 

reads  exactly  like  that  of  his  predecessor,  |  and 

A  having  the  same  reading,  and  both  meaning 
an  oar.  This  Mentuhetep  III.,  who  had  as  his 
wives  or  favourites  all  the  princesses,  seems  to 
have  been  a  powerful  king.  A  sculpture  coming 
from  a  ruined  construction  at  Gebelein,2  south  of 
Thebes,  speaks  of  him  as  chastising  the  chiefs  of 
the  two  lands  (Egypt),  taking  possession  of  the 
land  of  the  South  and  of  the  North,  of  foreign 
countries,  and  of  the  territories  of  the  strangers. 
He  is  seen  striking  with  his  mace  an  Egyptian 
rebel,  behind  whom  is  an  Anu  Khent,  a  Nubian, 
and  two  Africans,  one  from  the  land  around  the 
cataracts,  the  other  a  Thehennu  or  white  Libyan. 

His  successor,  ^37  ^^J'  was  a^so  a  con" 
queror,  since  he  is  said  to  have  drawn  a  large 
number  of  troops  from  the  Delta ;  he  would 
be  Mentuhetep  IV.    The  last  one,  Sankhkara 


(o  l-^LlJ|,  Mentuhetep  V.,  has  not  been  found 
in  the  temple  ;  he  is  known  chiefly  through  his 
expedition  to  the  Land  of  Punt. 

Thus  the  series  of  the  five  Mentuheteps  suc- 
ceeding to  three  Antefs  would  be  the  follow- 


c 


J>_ 


or 


®  □ 


|||],  Mentuhetep 


o 


1] 
I] 


©  r  1  'jj* 

I  /Wvwx 


CD 


0 


0  f  1  jjjj 


J,  Mentuhetep  II. 
\  Mentuhetep  III. 
Mentuhetep  IV. 


2  Bissing-Bruckmann,  PI.  33  a. 


(®Hu]  ^  CBS]'  MentuheteP  v-> 

who  was  followed  by  the  Xllth  Dynasty.  Thus 
the  XIth  Dynasty,  as  far  as  we  know  it  at  present, 
consists  of  eight  princes :  the  first  Antef,  who 
was  only  governor  of  Thebes,  was  followed  by 
three  Horus  kings,  two  Antefs,  and  one  Mentu- 
hetep with  one  cartouche,  who  reigned  only  in 
Upper  Egypt;  then  four  kings  of  the  whole 
country  with  two  cartouches,  the  first  of  whom 
was  Samtaui  and  the  last  Sankhkara. 

One  king  only  of  the  Xllth  Dynasty  seems  to 
have  left  monuments  in  the  temple,  Usertsen 
(Senusrit)  III.,  who  erected  a  gallery  of  his  own 
statues,  three  of  which  are  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  One  of  them  has  been  reproduced  on 
a  large  scale  in  this  volume  (PI.  ii.)  as  a  fine 
specimen  of  the  art  of  the  Theban  school  at  the 
time  of  the  Xllth  Dynasty.  The  same  king 
also  left  a  large  granite  stele  allotting  offerings 
to  the  "cave  of  Mentuhetep  II,"  meaning  the 
subterranean  sanctuary  of  this  king,  for  whom 
he  seems  to  have  had  a  special  veneration.  We 
have  a  few  remains  of  the  XIII th  Dynasty,  at 
the  beginning  of  which  are  a  few  princes  with  one 
cartouche  only,  known  from  the  Turin  Papyrus. 
A  stone  from  the  hypostyle  hall  bears  the  name 

(PI.  x.  h)  (o  <=£=>]?  R>a  Sebekhotep,  to  whom 
no.  11  has  been  given  in  the  lists  of  kings  of 
Lieblein  and  Dr.  Budge.  A  very  fine  piece  of  a 
door  lintel  in  limestone  gives  the  name  of  Sebek- 
hotep I.,  who  was  found  at  Bubastis,  and  who 
seems  to  have  been  a  powerful  king  and  a  builder. 
These    cartouches   (PI.   x.  b)   are  extremely 

well  c»t,Q§]VaEijlg|. 
The  second  contains  an  important  variant.  The 
king  calls  himself  Amenemha  Sebekhotep,  as  if 
he  wished  to  show  his  connection  with  the  Xllth 


12 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHAEI. 


Dynasty.    The  fragments  also  from  the  hypo- 

,  may  be  either 


style  hall,  where  we  read  i  <?  n 

  llSl 

(°  f  1  m"!'  Sebekemsaf  I.,  of  whom  a  little  slate 

obelisk  has  been  found  at  Karnak,1  or  ("off  ""^J? 
of  whom  there  is  a  statue  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  whose  second  name  is  unknowu.  Con- 
siderino-  that  there  is  a  monument  from  Karnak 
of  Sebekemsaf  I.,  I  should  rather  attribute  to 
him  the  stone  from  Deir  cl-Bahari. 

A  fragment  has  allowed  us  to  complete  the 
first  cartouche  of  a  king  whom  we  had  found 


before  (PI.  x.  e),  (o 


wvV\_y|    y  o — _ 


We  do  not  know  exactly  where  to  locate  him, 
but  it  seems  probable  that  he  belongs  to  the  series 
of  kings  mentioned  by  the  Turin  Papyrus  who 
are  generally  considered  as  forming  the  XlVth 
Dynasty.  He  may  have  the  name  which  was  in 
the  blank  preceding  the  following  king  whom  we 
have  been  able  to  identify.  His  two  cartouches 
are  on  one  of  the  sides  of  a  small  naos  in  lime- 
stone, from  the  entrance  of  the  passage  leading 
to  the  Ka  shrine  (PI.  x.  c),  (o  fl  |  ^jf*" 
(P^J^I  A  The  second  cartouche  of  this 

king  Senebmaiu  had  been  found  at  Gebelein  by 
Mr.  Frazer2  on  a  fragment  now  in  the  British 
Museum.3 

Another  blank  in  the  list  in  the  Turin  Papyrus 
was  perhaps  occupied  by  the  name  of  a  king 
found  also  at  Gebelein  by  Mr.  Frazer,4  and  who, 
I  have  no  doubt,  belongs  to  the  same  dynasty. 
AVe  discovered  only  fragments  of  his  two  car- 

touches  (PI.  x.  d),  (of}]  QE^yjp.  There 

1  Legrain,  Annales,  vi.,  p.  284. 

2  Proc.  Soc.  Bill.  Arcli.,  vol.  xv.,  p.  498. 

3  Budge,  Booh  of  the  Kings,  p.  97. 

4  Proc.  Soc.  Bill.  Arch.,  vol.  xv.,  p.  497. 


is  a  king  very  near  to  Senebmaiu  in  the  list  who 
has  a  cartouche  similar  to  that  of  Dudumes, 

(o  ^  |  \\'  I  believe  both  sovereigns  belonged 
to  the  same  family,  or  to  the  same  group. 

After  Dudumes  we  do  not  find  any  royal 
name  before  Amenophis  I.  and  the  XVIIIth 
Dynasty.  Leaving  aside  for  the  present  the 
kings  of  the  New  Empire  who  are  engraved  on 
votive  stones  or  other  monuments  which  are  not 
part  of  the  temple,  we  have  to  notice  the  remains 
of  an  inscription  engraved  on  the  basement  of 
the  pyramid  on  the  west  side,  which  is  the 
latest  we  have  found  in  the  temple.  It  belongs 
to  one  of  the  first  kings  of  the  XXth  Dynasty, 
Menephtah  Siphtah.  The  lower  part  of  the  lines 
only  is  preserved,  so  that  it  is  not  possible  to 
make  a  running  translation  (PI.  x.  k). 

The  kino-  with  the  atef  diadem,  holding  the 
hook  and  Hail,  is  kneeling  probably  before 
Anion,  whose  name  does  not  appear ;  we  have 
only  epithets  referring  to  him ;  the  king, 
"the  elect  of  Turn  himself,"  is  said  "to  bow 
before  him  whose  face  is  beautiful,  the  beloved 
god."    At  the  other  end  is  an  officer  standing, 

the  chancellor  Bai.    He  utters  the 

following  prayer:  "Hail  to  thee,  Lord  of  mine 
.  .  .  thy  beautiful  face,  may  I  be  prosperous 
every  day,  give  me  ...  a  good  burial  after  my 
old  age,  at  the  end  of  hundred  and  ten  years." 
This  number  was  for  the  Egyptians  the  limit  of 
life  which  all  hoped  to  reach.  It  occurs  in 
many  inscriptions.  Further,  Bai  says  that  he 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  "  chief  of  the 
thirties,"  a  judicial  employment,  and  he  ends 
as  usual  with  his  own  eulogy.  Nothing  later 
than  the  XXth  Dynasty  occurs  in  the  temple, 
which  probably  at  that  time  was  already  used  as 
a  quarry. 


13 


CHAPTER  IV. 

ARCHITECTURAL  DESCRIPTIONS. 

By  Somers  Clarke. 


To  give  a  technical  description  of  this  temple  is 
a  more  difficult  undertaking  than  was  the  case 
in  describing  the  temple  of  Queen  Hatshepsu, 
and  for  two  reasons.  One,  that  there  is  so 
very  much  less  to  guide  us  ;  and  the  other  that 
Mr.  H.  E,  Hall  has,  to  a  great  extent,  cut  away 
the  ground  from  under  our  feet  in  giving  the 
excellent  account,  as  he  has  done  it,  of  the 
gradual  uncovering  of  the  ruins  hit  by  bit.  He 
has  left  comparatively  little  to  be  said  beyond 
gathering  together  the  fragments  which  relate 
to  the  building,  as  apart  from  the  other  informa- 
tion which  he  gives. 

We  must  approach  the  subject  with  consider- 
able caution. 

It  seems  natural  that  we  should  make  com- 
parisons between  the  temple  of  Mentuhetep  and 
that  of  Hatshepsu,  the  two  bearing  in  many 
parts  considerable  resemblance  ;  but  there  is,  in 
fact,  an  interval  of  perhaps  a  thousand  years 
between  them.  And,  in  addition,  whilst  those 
parts  of  the  structure  still  left  are  perfectly 
clean,  sharp,  and  new  in  appearance,  though 
sadly  broken,  we  must  bear  in  mind  their  great 
age,  and  that  we  have  hardly  a  fragment  of  any 
structures  of  the  same  period  with  which  to  com- 
pare this  temple. 

The  position,  the  materials,  the  plan,  and  the 
temple  as  a  whole  must  now  come  under  review. 

The  Position. 

It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  when  it  was 
decided  to  build  the  temple,  the  head  of  the 


valley  in  which  it  was  to  be  placed  was  un- 
occupied by  any  building  of  important  size.  No 
remains  of  such  a  building  have  been  found. 

We  may  speculate  on  the  reasons  for  building 
the  temple  not  central  at  the  head  of  the  valley, 
but  quite  to  one  side. 

If  we  picture  to  ourselves  the  floor  of  the 
valley  as  it  probably  was  when  the  site  was 
chosen,  we  must  realize  that  a  considerable 
shoulder  of  rock  and  debris  stood  forward  where 
Hatshepsu's  temple  was  afterwards  built.  The 
head  of  the  valley,  the  part  of  it  most  recessed 
towards  the  west,  was  the  site  selected  by  Men- 
tuhetep. 

In  this  recess  a  rectangular  sinking  was  cut, 
and  in  the  middle  of  its  floor  the  descending- 
passage  was  driven,  passing  westward  beneath 
the  high  cliffs  for  a  great  distance,  and  ending  in 
the  Ka  sanctuary. 

Materials. 

The  structure  is  built  of  limestone,  sandstone, 
granite,  and  crude  brick. 

Limestone  is  made  use  of  for  the  walls  in 
nearly  all  places,  except  a  few  retaining  walls, 
which  are  of  crude  brick. 

Sandstone  is  used  almost  everywhere  for 
pavements,  columns,  architraves,  and  roof  slabs. 

Granite  is  used  only  for  the  doorways. 

The  limestone,  which  no  doubt  comes  from 
quarries  near  at  hand,  is  not  made  use  of  in 
large  blocks,  things  not  very  easy  to  obtain, 
nor  is  it  placed  in  positions  where  it  is  subject 


u 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHARI. 


to  strain.  In  this  matter  the  architect  of  the 
temple  showed  himself  to  be  better  instructed 
than  his  successor  who  designed  the  temple  of 
Hatshepsu.  For  the  purposes  of  the  sculptor, 
limestone,  which  is  capable  of  receiving  so 
beautiful  a  surface,  was  wisely  employed  for 
building  the  walls,  which  were  to  be  covered 
with  carved  and  painted  histories.  It  is  only  at 
the  western  end  of  the  temple  (see  XIth  Dynasty 
Temple  at  Deir  el-Bahari,  Part  L,  p.  35)  that  we 
find  the  order  of  things  reversed.  Here,  in  the 
Hypostyle  Hall,  the  walls  are  of  sandstone,  the 
pavement  is  of  limestone. 

The  limestone  wall  which  encloses  the  base  of 
the  pyramid  is  built  with  blocks  of  some  size. 
These  are  admirably  wrought,  their  joints  and 
beds  being  very  accurate  ;  indeed,  their  work- 
manship is  far  superior  to  that  found  in  any 
other  part  of  their  temple,  or  in  the  temple 
adjoining. 

In  examining  the  walls  generally,  although 
they  are  far  from  solid  pieces  of  construction, 
the  insides  being  filled  up  with  chips  and  shape- 
less rubble,  whilst  little  if  any  bond  exists 
between  the  facing  and  the  interior,  still  the 
workmanship  is,  on  the  whole,  superior  to  that 
of  the  later  date. 

The  pavement  in  the  Hypostyle  Hall  was  of 
limestone ;  irregularly  shaped  slabs  fitted,  not 
very  neatly,  together.  The  forethought  and 
experience  of  the  architect  is  shown  from  the 
fact  that  he  rejected  limestone — which  lay  near 
at  hand — for  the  columns,  architraves,  and  roof 
slabs,  and  made  use  of  sandstone,  and  further 
selection  is  shown  in  the  choice  of  this  material. 
At  Gibel  Silsileh  vast  quantities  of  sandstone 
may  be  had,  but  large  as  the  blocks  may  be,  the 
material  is  by  no  means  very  hard  or  resisting 
in  its  qualities.  It  is  fairly  resistant  to  com- 
pression, but  very  ill-suited  to  withstand  the 
tension  put  upon  it  when  used  like  a  horizontal 
beam  for  architraves  and  roof  slabs. 

The  roofless  condition  we  observe  in  the 
ancient  temples  was  not  necessarily  caused  by 


violence.  Evidence  is  left  to  us  sufficient  to 
show  that  in  sundry  cases  the  stone  beams  gave 
way,  or  threatened  to  do  so,  quite  early  in  the 
history  of  the  buildings.  For  the  temple  of 
Mentuhetep  a  better  sandstone  was  chosen,  that 
which  comes  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Aswan, 
and  is  marked  by  tints  of  violet  and  warm 
brown,  intermixed  with  the  prevailing  grey 
colour. 

The  columns,  octagonal  in  section,  are  made 
of  long  pieces.  They  are  very  superior  as 
masonry  to  the  extraordinary  method  made 
use  of  by  the  builder  of  the  adjoining  temple, 
where  small  fragments  are  stood  on  end  one 
over  the  other. 

Granite  was  used  only  for  the  entrance  door- 
way to  the  Pillar  Hall  surrounding  the  base  of 
the  pyramid,  and  as  a  lining  to  the  Ka  sanctuary 
(see  p.  4) ;  and  it  remains  as  the  sill  to  the 
doorway  leading  from  the  Pillar  Hall  westward. 

The  Plan,  etc. 

In  examining  the  plan  of  this  temple  we  find 
ourselves  face  to  face  with  unusual  difficulties. 
We  are  compelled  to  take  a  leap  backward  from 
the  XVIIIth  to  the  XIth  Dynasty.  We  may 
land  ourselves  in  many  errors  if  we  make  com- 
parisons, tempting  as  it  is  to  do  so,  between 
this  temple  and  others,  for,  where  can  we  find 
other  temples  of  the  XIth  Dynasty  ?  It  may 
be  well,  first,  to  figure  to  ourselves  the  temple 
as  we  may  believe  it  to  have  stood  when  com- 
plete. 

It  covered  a  good  deal  of  ground,  but  was 
small  in  its  parts.  This  may  well  be  realized 
when  we  state  that  the  granite  doorway,  form- 
ing as  it  did  the  only  entrance  to  the  temple 
itself  (as  opposed  to  the  colonnades  round  about), 
afforded  an  opening  of  but  three  feet  wide, 
inconveniently  narrow  for  two  people  to  pass 
through  abreast.  Is  it  possible  that  processions, 
bearing  arks  and  other  symbols,  had  to  squeeze 
through  this  little  hole  ? 

The  more  the  plans  of  ancient  temples  are 


ARCHITECTURAL  DESCRIPTIONS. 


15 


studied,  the  more  keen  is  the  regret  that,  of  the 
ritual,  we  know  nothing. 

We  cannot  doubt  that  the  ancient  temples 
differed  somewhat  in  their  plans,  as  we  observe 
them  to  do ;  because,  with  them,  as  with  the 
mediaeval  churches,  the  building  was  laid  out  in 
view  of  what  was  to  take  place  within.  The 
ritual  was  the  kernel,  the  temple  or  church  was 
the  shell,  built  with  more  or  less  of  magnificence, 
to  enshrine  it.  The  first  object  of  the  architect 
was  not,  as  it  usually  is  in  these  days,  and  has 
been  ever  since  the  Renaissance,  to  make  a  show 
and  leave  the  ritual  to  fit  itself  in  as  it  can. 

As  we  approached  this  temple  from  the  east 
we  must  first  have  observed  the  enclosing  wall, 
the  eastern  part  of  which  has  entirely  gone. 
How  far  it  stood  from  the  ramp  we  cannot  say. 
There  must  have  been  a  gateway  in  this  wall, 
and  it  would  be  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  it 
did  not  stand  on  the  axis,  therefore  in  line  with 
the  ramp. 

There  is  enough  of  the  enclosing  wall  left  for 
us  to  see  that  it  was  not  very  high.  The 
colonnades  and  central  pyramid  must  have 
shown  well  above  it,  especially  from  far  off. 

Passing  through  the  gateway  we  should  have 
found  ourselves  near  the  foot  of  a  wide  ramp, 
flanked  right  and  left  by  colonnades.  Here  we 
should  stop  to  observe  a  peculiarity  which,  until 
we  have  diligently  studied  their  plans,  we  are 
not  accustomed  to  associate  with  the  architecture 
of  Egyptian  temples.  We  expect  to  find  an 
august  and  severe  symmetry,  rigorously  main- 
tained on  either  side  of  the  axis.  But  here  it 
was  not  so.  On  the  north  side  of  the  ramp  was 
a  colonnade  of  thirteen  intercolumniations  ;  on 
the  south  was  a  colonnade  of  but  eleven.  The 
temple  did  not  even  stand  centrally  within  its 
enclosing  walls.  The  north  wall  lay  at  about 
33'0  metre  from  the  north  angle  of  the  lower 
colonnade,  the  south  at  a  distance  of  some  13"0 
metre  from  the  south  angle  of  the  same  colon- 
nade. 

The  columns,  square  on  plan,  were  about  4-0 


metre  high.  Those  in  a  similar  position  in  the 
temple  of  Queen  Hatshepsu  were  somewhat 
larger. 

The  wide  ramp  leads  up  to  a  terrace  on  the 
roof  of  the  colonnade  just  described.  At  a  little 
distance  back  there  rose  right  and  left  a  second 
colonnade  of  nine  intercolumniations,  flanking  a 
doorway  of  granite,  which  rose  on  the  axial  line 
of  the  ramp  and  of  the  temple  itself. 

The  temple  was  now  before  us,  with  its  facade 
quite  symmetrical,  but  not  standing  over  the 
centre  of  the  colonnade  below.  The  plan  shows 
us  that  the  terrace  extended  further  to  the 
north  than  it  did  to  the  south.  Nothing  that 
has  been  found  indicates  a  reason  for  this. 

The  temple  wall,  of  limestone  and  covered 
with  sculpture,  was  enclosed  on  the  north  and 
south  faces  by  a  colonnade  of  twTo  intercolumnia- 
tions deep,  ranging  with  the  eastern  colonnade. 
The  narrow  doorway,  of  three  feet  wide,  was  the 
only  entrance  to  the  considerable  area  enclosed 
by  the  temple  walls.  Seen  over  the  terrace  roof 
of  the  colonnade  there  rose  the  pyramid,  the 
base  of  which  we  suppose  to  have  been  visible  in 
part  above  this  roof. 

On  entering  the  temple  through  the  granite 
doorway  we  should  have  found  ourselves  in  a 
perfect  grove  of  small  columns,  called  on  the 
plan  the  Pillar  Hall,  not  less  than  150  in  num- 
ber, all  of  them  octagonal  in  plan,  and  standing 
on  circular  bases  which  rose  but  little  above  the 
level  of  the  pavement,  and,  in  fact,  formed  a 
part  of  it. 

The  following  problem  now  presents  itself  to 
the  notice  of  the  restorer  :  did  the  roof  resting  on 
the  grove  of  columns  extend  to  the  base  on  which 
stood  the  pyramid,  or  did  it  stop  over  the  inner- 
most range  of  columns,  thus  leaving  a  narrow 
space  between  the  columns  and  the  pyramid  base  ? 
We  know  very  well  that  the  interior  of  an 
Egyptian  temple  was  not  condemned  to  perpetual 
darkness,  as  some  have  supposed,  the  light  of 
day  being  entirely  excluded.  In  the  case  of 
nearly  every  roof  that  is  left  we  find  small  holes 


16 


THE  XIth  DYNA8TY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHARI. 


through  it  at  infrequent  intervals,  or  small 
windows,  mere  slits,  near  the  top  of  the  walls. 
In  several  cases,  as  at  Karnak,  the  Ramesseum, 
and  the  temple  of  Seti  at  Gurna  amongst 
others,  a  clerestory  admitting  abundant  light  is 
found.  "We  must  not  forget  that  an  apartment, 
gloomy  and  squalid,  such  as  we  now  see  in 
many  a  temple,  a  ray  of  light  struggling  through 
a  small  opening  in  the  roof  slabs,  did  not  by 
any  means  present  this  appearance  in  old  time. 

The  flat  ceiling,  instead  of  being  stained  and 
black  with  the  filth  of  bats,  was  painted  blue, 
thickly  covered  with  light  yellow  stars ;  the 
walls  were  quite  light  in  their  general  colour, 
adorned  with  many  figures  on  a  light  ground  ; 
the  floors  were  covered  with  a  fine  hard  plaster, 
white  or  very  light  in  general  tint.  A  small 
ray  of  light  from  the  glorious  sky  of  Egypt  was 
enough  to  illuminate  such  an  apartment. 

As  far  as  the  necessary  amount  of  light  is 
concerned,  it  could  be  had  in  the  Pillar  Hall 
without  leaving  a  narrow  space  for  it  at  the 
base  of  the  pyramid. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  the  opinion  of  us  on 
whom  it  has  fallen  to  make  a  tentative  restora- 
tion of  the  temple,  we  considered  as  the  most 
reasonable  course  to  assume  that  the  pyramid 
and  its  base  stood  in  a  courtyard.  Following 
the  probable  sequence  of  growth  of  the  type,  we 
should  find  that  the  pyramid  was  really  the 
central  object,  and  we,  of  course,  know  it  to 
have  been  a  method  of  commemorating  the 
dead  of  the  highest  antiquity. 

The  pyramids  at  Gizeh,  Dahshour  and  else- 
where had  temples  attached  to  their  eastern 
flank.  In  the  course  of  time  the  pyramid  de- 
creased in  size,  whilst  the  attached  temple  grew. 
Ultimately  the  pyramid  was  surrounded  by  the 
temple.  It  stood  in  a  courtyard.  By  this 
method  of  reasoning  we  arrive  at  our  restora- 
tion. We  are  further  supported  in  this  view 
from  the  fact  that,  did  the  stone  roof  of  the 
temple  actually  touch  the  pyramid  base,  the 
spectator  would  not  only  be  unaware  of  the 


existence  of  the  pyramid  as  a  central  object, 
but  he  would  have  been  left  to  wonder  why  the 
wall  enclosing  the  columns  was  on  one  side  of 
him  covered  with  sculpture,  and  rose  straight 
from  the  pavement,  whilst  on  the  other  side  it 
was  raised  on  a  step.  We  find  the  base  of  the 
pyramid  to  stand  on  a  plinth  in  the  form  of  a, 
high  step  ;  it  forms  part  of  a  design  complete  in 
itself. 

Mr.  Hall  calls  attention  to  the  fact  (Part  I., 
p.  28)  that  the  interior  of  the  pyramid  base  was 
formed  with  a  rough  wall  of  heavy  nodules  of 
flint.  It  is  evident  that  the  builders,  knowing 
what  they  might  venture  upon  in  the  climate  of 
Upper  Egypt,  built  a  dry  wall  which  really  does 
the  work  of  keeping  in  its  place  the  rubble 
that  formed  the  mass  of  the  pyramid.  As  a 
covering  to  this  was  built  the  wall  of  finished 
masonry,  a  small  part  of  which  still  remains  at 
the  north-west  angle  of  the  base. 

The  builders  of  the  temple  of  Queen  Hat- 
shepsu  adopted  exactly  the  same  course  many 
hundred  years  later  when  constructing  the 
middle  platform  of  her  temple,  and  raising 
against  the  southern  side  the  stately  wall  which 
looks  towards  the  venerable  structure  we  are 
now  describing. 

Passing  round  the  pyramid  base,  the  visitor 
to  the  temple  found  himself  among  the  western 
range  of  columns,  three  intercolumniations  in 
width  instead  of  four  ;  and  here,  not  on  the  axis, 
but  one  bay  to  the  north  of  it,  he  found  a 
granite  doorway  of  the  same  meagre  dimensions 
as  that  by  which  he  had  entered.  To  add 
further  to  the  want  of  symmetry  he  not  only 
found  that  the  doorway  was  not  in  the  middle, 
but  that  a  series  of  little  shrines  had  been  in- 
truded in  a  most  irregular  manner.  The  reader 
must  be  referred  to  the  plan  for  a  study  of  these 
curious  structures,  and  to  the  description  of 
them  in  the  present  volume,  illustrated  by  the 
elevation  of  two  of  them,  most  ingeniously  built 
up  by  Mme.  Naville. 

The  curious  want  of  relationship  between  the 


ARCHITECTURAL  DESCRIPTIONS. 


17 


shrines  and  the  temple  within  which  they  stand 
may  lead  us  to  ask  whether  the  shrines  were 
already  in  position  before  the  temple  was  built, 
or  whether  they  are  an  intrusion. 

If  we  suppose  the  six  shrines  to  have  stood 
where  we  now  see  them  before  the  temple  was 
designed,  we  may  enquire  to  what  building  it 
was  to  which  they  had  relationship.  Remains 
of  such  a  building  connected  with  them  have 
not  been  found  ;  indeed,  an  examination  of  their 
base  stones  makes  it  evident  that  they  are,  each 
of  them,  separate  and  independent  structures. 
If  they  had  relationship  merely  to  the  tombs 
west  of  them  we  might  expect  to  find  a  tomb 
shaft  behind  or  under  each  shrine.  A  glance  at 
the  plan  shows  that  this  is  not  the  case. 

If  the  shrines  are  antecedent  to  the  temple 
we  may  well  ask,  why  did  not  the  architect  of  a 
building  so  symmetrical  and  carefully  disposed 
pay  some  regard  to  these  structures  ?1  It  would 
have  been  easy  to  place  the  axial  line  a  little 
more  to  the  north  than  it  actually  is,  and  to 
have  passed  it  centrally  between  the  shrines. 

In  the  temple  of  Queen  Hatshepsu  we  find  in 
the  west  wall  of  the  Upper  Court  that  the 
niches  do  not  agree  with  the  number  of  inter- 
columniations  in  front  of  them.  This  arrange- 
ment  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  classic 
methods  of  laying  out  a  building,  nor  are  many 
other  features  in  an  Egyptian  plan,  but  there  is 
not  anything  clumsy  and  undigested  in  the 
scheme. 

That  certain  columns  stand  over  tomb  shafts 
seems  in  no  way  unreasonable.  What  better 
way  could  be  found  to  secure  secrecy  ?  Let  us 
suppose  the  west  court  and  its  colonnades  to 
have  been  absolutely  completed  before  the 
tombs  were  made  and  shrines  inserted.  The 
difficulties  are  not  great.  The  structure  is  small 
in  scale.    To  support  the  roof  and  remove  the 


1  From  the  point  of  view  of  the  architect  it  is  difficult 
to  suppose  that  anything  so  clumsy  as  the  arrangement  we 
now  see  was  deliberately  designed. 


column  or  columns,  sink  the  tomb  shaft  and  then 
replace  the  masonry,  would  have  been  easy. 

If  we  examine  the  floor  slabs  on  which  the 
walls  of  the  Pillar  Hall  rest,  the  evidence,  from 
the  technical  point  of  view,  is  altogether  in 
favour  of  the  wall  having  been  completed  and 
afterwards  cut  into  by  the  insertion  of  the  floor 
slabs  and  the  structures  of  the  shrines.  The 
wall  came  first  and  the  shrines  came  after. 

The  base  stones  of  the  columns,  which  also 
form  part  of  the  pavement,  were  first  in  position. 
In  all  cases  the  stones  to  receive  the  shrine  are 
placed  against  the  base  stones  of  the  columns 
and  wall,  and  not  the  reverse  way,  which  must 
have  been  the  case  had  the  shrines  been  first  in 
position.  In  some  cases  the  bases  of  the  columns 
had  been  cut,  and  it  seems  to  me  cut  when  in 
position,  so  that  the  shrine  base  stones  might  be 
inserted. 

Judging  by  the  evidence  given  us  by  a  study 
of  the  masonry  it  is  hardly  open  to  doubt  that 
the  temple  was  practically,  if  not  in  all  parts, 
absolutely  finished,  and  that  then,  by  orders 
from  above,  the  tombs  had  to  be  made  and 
shrines  inserted. 

The  east  wall  of  the  Pillar  Hall  is  so  much 
ruined  that  we  cannot  get  much  evidence  out  of 
it  either  way.  One  thing  is,  however,  to  be 
observed.  A  very  small  piece  remains  of  the 
north  jamb  of  the  doorway.  This  consists  of 
the  bottom  stone  on  the  east  face.  We  usually 
find  a  doorway  to  be  surrounded  by  a  flat  archi- 
trave, projecting  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall  but 
a  very  few  centimetres.  No  remains  of  such  an 
architrave  are  seen.  If  we  presume  that  in 
piercing  the  new  doorway  north  of  the  old  the 
fewest  possible  stones  were  removed,  it  is  evident 
there  would  not  be,  projecting  beyond  the  face 
of  the  wall,  material  from  which  a  projecting 
architrave  could  be  cut. 

Passing  through  the  doorway  the  visitor 
entered  the  westernmost  part  of  the  temple. 
This  consisted  of  a  courtyard  with  columns 
round  it.    On  its  east  side  the  colonnade  was  of 

D 


IS 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHAKI. 


two  intercolumniations  in  depth,  on  the  north 
and  south  side  a  single  range  of  columns  stood 
in  advance  of  the  enclosing  walls,  but  in  front, 
i.e.,  towards  the  west,  was  a  Hypostyle  Hall 
not  less  than  ten  intercolumniations  in  depth. 
Notwithstanding  the  small  scale  of  the  parts, 
the  effect  of  this  mass  of  columns,  as  the 
spectator  moved  amongst  them,  must  have  been 
striking. 

In  the  line  of  the  axis  of  the  courtyard  there 
opened  the  descent  to  the  long  tunnel  which 
leads  to  the  Ka  sanctuary.  If  this  was  open  to 
view,  which  seems  possible,  the  effect  of  this 
inclined  plane  leading  gently  downward  to 
mysterious  depths,  and  closed  by  a  doorway 
which  was  seen  just  below  the  front  of  the 
Hypostyle  Hall,  must  have  been  very  impressive. 
Unfortunately  all  the  pavement  on  the  line  of 
the  front  of  the  Hypostyle  Hall  has  gone,  con- 
sequently we  cannot  form  any  opinion  as  to  the 
design  of  this  facade.  Deeply  set  in  the  shadowy 
recesses  of  the  hall  and  pierced  through  its 
western  wall  was  a  small  speos,  its  entrance 
masked  by  screen  walls  which  advanced  to  the 
fourth  column  from  the  end. 

So  far  as  we  can  tell,  the  temple  thus  de- 
scribed was  built  all  at  one  time.  It  does  not 
appear  to  have  undergone  any  change  of  scheme 
excepting  the  insertion  of  the  six  shrines  above 
mentioned.  In  the  XVIIIth  Dynasty,  however, 
at  the  north-west  angle  of  the  temple  platform  a 
considerable  alteration  was  made.  The  retaining 
wall  was  broken  through,  the  rock  face  was  cut 
back,  and  a  small  speos  shrine,  dedicated  to  the 
goddess  Hathor  and  containing  her  image  in 
the  form  of  a  cow,  was  erected  with  a  hall  of 
approach.  We  have  not,  however,  sufficient 
fragments  of  this  structure  to  form  an  idea  of 
its  appearance  when  perfect.  It  was  built  of 
Silsileh  sandstone.  So  much  for  a  description 
of  the  temple  of  Mentuhetep  II.,  as  we  believe 
it  to  have  been. 

I  would  venture  to  make  a  few  further  re- 
marks on  the  plan  of  the  building. 


Its  position,  pushed  up  against  and  indeed 
recessed  into  the  side  of  a  perpendicular  cliff,  is 
unusual ;  at  any  rate,  I  do  not  think  that  other 
temples  of  this  remote  period  in  similar  positions 
are  known,  indeed  there  are  but  few  remains  of 
any  of  the  XIth  Dynasty. 

It  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  general  design 
of  the  building  has  been  very  much  affected  by 
its  position.  The  terrace  and  the  ramp  leading 
to  it  seem  to  have  been  forced  upon  the  architect 
by  the  conditions  of  the  site. 

We  have  not,  at  present,  any  means  of  know 
ing  what  was  the  typal  plan  of  a  temple  of  the 
XIth  Dynasty ;  and  even  if  we  knew  it,  the 
building'  we  are  now  considering  need  not  of 
necessity  be  in  accordance  with  that  type,  as  it 
is  a  funerary  temple  and  not  one  for  ordinary 
use. 

May  we  not,  however,  think  it  probable  that 
at  this  period  a  feature  very  prominent  in  this 
temple,  namely,  polygonal  columns,  was  com- 
mon ?  In  the  tombs  at  Beni  Hassan,  at  Rifa, 
&c,  the  architectural  details  of  which,  though 
rock-hewn,  are  evidently  copied  from  structures, 
and  which  belong  to  the  succeeding  dynasty,  the 
columns  are  polygonal  (octagons),  and  agree 
very  well  with  those  in  our  temple.  After  the 
expulsion  of  the  Hyksos  architecture  revived,  so 
the  historians  tell  us.  We  find  in  the  temples 
of  the  XVIIIth  Dynasty  a  frequent  use  of  the 
polygonal  column.  Not  only  in  the  temple  of 
Hatshepsu,  but  at  Abydos,  Karnak,  Wadi  Haifa, 
Amada,  el-Kab,  and  extending  on  into  the  earlier 
days  of  the  XlXth  Dynasty  at  Gurna,  Beit  el- 
Wali,  &c.  The  difference,  such  as  there  is, 
between  the  columns  of  the  XIth  and  Xllth 
Dynasties  and  of  the  XVIIIth  lies  in  the  fact 
that  whilst  the  earlier  columns  are  octagons,  the 
later  have  sixteen  facets,  or  even  more. 

From  the  above  statements  may  we  draw  the 
conclusion  that  the  architect  of  the  temple  of 
Hatshepsu  not  only  inspired  himself  considerably 
by  what  was  still  standing  of  the  temple  of 
Mentuhetep,  but  that  he  was,  in  the  type  of 


ARCHITECTURAL  DESCRIPTIONS. 


19 


architecture  he  made  use  of,  following  a  fashion  I 
much  prevailing  in  his  day,  but  which,  for 
reasons  I  do  not  propose  to  fathom,  gave  way  to 
the  clumsy  and  ill-conceived  forms  which  pre- 
vailed in  the  XlXth  Dynasty,  culminating  in 
such  monstrosities  as  the  columns  in  the  temple 
of  Rameses  III.  in  the  XXth  Dynasty  ? 

The  drawings  illustrating  the  temple  of  Men- 
tuhetep  were  made  by  M.  Ed.  Fatio  of  Geneva. 
The  restoration  is  our  joint  work. 

The  temple  as  it  now  exists  is  so  broken  down 


that  it  did  not  seem  worth  while  to  make  a  plan 
of  it  as  it  is,  and  another  as  it  was. 

The  general  plan  is  not  open  to  question, 
nearly  everything  lies  before  us  on  the  ground. 

The  documentary  evidence  in  favour  of  this 
central  pyramid  is  strong.  The  difficulty  of 
accounting  for  the  square  mass  in  the  centre  of 
the  temple  is  very  great,  unless  we  suppose  it 
to  be  the  pyramid  base.  We  have,  therefore,  in 
the  scheme  of  restoration,  ventured  to  adopt  the 
pyramid  as  the  central  feature. 


20 


CHAPTER  V. 

DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  PLATES. 

By  Edouard  Naville. 


Pl.  I.  This  is  a  perspective  drawing,  by  M.  Ed. 
Fatio,  of  the  two  temples  at  Deir  el-Bahari,  show- 
ing how  they  were  placed  at  the  end  of  the  valley. 
The  reason  why  the  oldest  temple  was  built  on 
the  south  side  and  not  in  the  middle  seems  to 
be  that  on  this  side  only  was  there  sufficient  open 
space  to  make  an  approach  to  the  temple ;  the 
slope  of  the  mountain  on  the  north  extended 
much  farther  towards  the  south,  judging  from  the 
middle  platform  of  the  great  temple,  which  is  en- 
tirely cut  in  the  rock.  The  temple  of  the  Xlth 
Dynasty  had  a  double  enclosure,  which  we  see  on 
the  south  side,  a  brick  wall  against  the  mountain, 
and  a  limestone  wall  at  a  short  distance  from  this. 
On  the  north  the  enclosure  was  a  little  more 
distant  from  the  temple  than  on  the  south.  The 
brick  wall,  part  of  which  is  still  seen  in  the 
passage  of  the  great  temple,  has  disappeared  in 
the  panelled  supporting  wall  of  the  middle 
terrace  in  the  great  temple.  The  limestone  wall 
alone  remained,  and  as  it  belongs  to  the  older 
temple  it  is  not  parallel  with  the  new. 

PI.  II.  This  statue  was  found  in  1905.  It  is 
one  of  the  three  which  are  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  They  all  belong  to  the  gallery  of 
statues  of  Usertsen  (Senusrit)  III.,  the  remains 
of  which  were  discovered  in  the  southern  court 
at  the  foot  of  the  platform  of  the  pyramid. 
There  were  at  least  six  of  these  statues.  Of 
four  of  them  we  found  the  heads  and  the  bust ; 
two  are  headless  torsos  ;  the  lower  part  of  all  of 
them  has  disappeared.  They  probably  were 
thrown  from  above  (I.,  PI.  xix.,  p.  57). 


The  four  heads  are  not  quite  similar  in  type, 
as  if  the  king  had  been  sculptured  at  different 
ages,  or  what  seems  more  likely,  because  they 
are  not  all  by  the  same  hand.  We  have  repro- 
duced one  of  them  on  a  larger  scale  than  in 

O 

Part  I.,  as  being  a  good  specimen  of  the  art  of 
the  Xllth  Dynasty,  and  of  the  Theban  school, 
the  style  of  which  may  not  be  the  same  as  that 
of  the  artists  of  other  cities  such  as  Memphis. 

PI.  III.  A.  The  end  of  the  temple,  showing 
the  rock-cut  shrine,  the  remains  of  the  hypostyle 
hall,  and  the  entrance  to  the  passage  leading  to 
the  Ka  sanctuary.  On  the  three  sides  the  walls 
are  bare  rock,  the  coating  of  stone  has  been 
destroyed. 

b.  The  same  taken  from  the  north  side.  In 
front  are  the  remains  of  the  shrines  of  Kemsit 
and  Aashait  (Pll.  xi.-xx.). 

c.  The  same  from  the  south.  The  cave  in 
the  right  corner  is  the  sanctuary  of  the  cow. 

PI.  IV.  a.  The  rock-cut  shrine,  found  quite 
empty,  but  where  probably  was  the  statue  of 
Mentuhetep  discovered  by  Lord  Dufferin.  In 
front  of  it  is  the  altar  in  the  room  of  offerings, 
cut  out  of  the  hypostyle  hall  by  the  wall  en- 
closing six  columns  and  forming  a  door  on  the 
east  side. 

b.  The  altar,  when  discovered,  before  the 
shrine  was  emptied  of  the  rubbish  it  contained. 

c.  The  altar  seen  from  the  shrine. 

PI.  V.  a  and  b.  Hall  of  the  altar,  while  it 
was  being  excavated,  b  shows  the  outside  of 
the  enclosing  wall. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


21 


c.  Block  of  sculpture  remarkable  for  its  fine 
colour,  now  at  the  museum  in  New  York.  It 
shows  Mentuhetep  between  Hathor  and  another 
god. 

d.  Mentuhetep  sitting,  behind  him  Set  and 
Hathor,  restored  by  Kameses  II. 

PI.  VI.  Other  sculptures  from  the  hall  of  the 
altar. 

a.  The  kino;  making  a  Ions;  stride  and  offer- 

er) o  © 

ing  a  field  to  the  god.  The  long  stride  is  prob- 
ably the  way  of  measuring  the  field. 

b.  The  king  being  embraced  by  a  god, 
perhaps  Amon. 

c.  Part  of  the  first  cartouche  of  Mentuhetep 
II.,  showing  that  the  last  sign  is  an  oar,  with 
the  usual  representation  of  the  two  eyes  on  the 
blade.  This  proves  the  reading  hepet  of  this 
sign.  Other  examples  of  this  well-sculptured 
oar  have  been  found. 

d.  Two  fragments  showing  the  style  of 
sculpture. 

PI.  VII.  This  plate  shows  various  views  of 
the  passage  and  the  subterranean  sanctuary. 

a.  Entrance  of  the  passage  before  it  was 
quite  cleared. 

b.  First  part  of  the  passage  where  it  is  not 
vaulted. 

c.  The  vault  covering  the  passage  during 
two-thirds  of  its  length. 

d.  The  granite  wall  of  the  chamber  of  the 
shrine  with  the  door  leading  into  it. 

e.  The  alabaster  shrine. 

PI.  VIII.  A.  Entrance  to  the  passage  leading 
to  the  tomb  in  the  south-western  corner  of  the 
hypostyle  hall. 

b  and  c.  The  large  alabaster  sarcophagus 
supposed  to  be  that  on  which  was  read  the  name 
of  the  queen,   ^<r        (p.  3). 

PI.  IX.  Sculptures  from  various  parts  of  the 
temple. 

a.  Head  and  bust  of  one  of  the  statues  of 
princesses,  which  probably  stood  in  the  chambers 
of  the  shrines.    Now  at  the  museum  in  Geneva. 

b.  Fragment  of  the  sculptures  which  covered 


the  walls  in  the  back  part  of  the  temple,  offering 
of  a  bird. 

c.    War  scene,  enemies,  probably  Aamu. 
D.    Fragments  giving  the  names  of  various 
officers,  Nekht,  Maket,  Kheti,  Masi. 

e.  Piece  from  a  stele  ;  king  Mentuhetep  wor- 
shipping a  god. 

f.  Fragment  from  one  of  the  shrines,  giving 
the  title  of  queen  to  the  princess. 

g.  "His  two  plumes"  seems  to  be  part  of 
the  royal  name. 

h.  Beautiful  hieroglyphs  "  in  the  eternal 
city." 

PI.  X.    Inscriptions  from  various  monuments. 

A.  The  great  granite  table  of  offerings  found 
near  the  entrance  to  the  rock-cut  shrine.  On 
both  sides  are  two  c=^=.  with  the  first  cartouche 
of  the  king,  and  in  the  middle  are  Nile  gods 
bringing  offerings  to  the  sovereign  of  both  parts  of 
Egypt,  who  is  represented  only  by  the  symbolical 
group  generally  engraved  on  his  throne,  the  two 

plants  of  Egypt  joined  by  the  sign  ^\  This 

table  of  offerings  had  been  seen  by  Mariette. 

B.  A  lintel  giving  the  two  cartouches  of 
Sebekhotep  I.  (p.  11). 

c.  The  cartouches  of  Senebmaiu  (p.  12). 

d.  Fragments  of  the  cartouches  of  Dudumes 
(p.  12). 

e.  First  cartouche  of  Sekhaenra  Mentuhetep 
(p.  12). 

f.  Three  fragments  where  the  name  of  Men- 
tuhetep is  not  in  a  cartouche.    The  fourth  gives 

his  ^jjj^  name  n  ^  ^ . 

G.  Fragments  of  the  cartouche  of  Sebekem- 
saf  I.  (p.  12). 

h.  First  cartouche  of  a  "  Sebekhotep"  pro- 
bably at  the  beginning  of  the  dynasty. 

I.  Inscription  of  the  "  chief  of  the  hunting 
country,"  with  contiguous  fragments  (I.,  p.  7), 
belonging  most  probably  to  the  shrine  of 
Aashait,  west  side. 

k.  King  Menephtah  Siphtah  and  the  officer 
Dai  (p.  12). 


22 


THE  XIth  DYNASTY  TEMPLE  AT  DEIR  EL-BAHARI. 


PH.  XI.-XX.  The  ten  following  plates  show 
the  fragments  of  the  shrines  from  which  they 
have  been  reconstituted.  These  fragments  had 
to  be  sorted,  since  they  belong  to  six  different 
shrines,  and  their  original  place  had  to  be  found 
out.  This  work,  as  well  as  all  the  drawings, 
has  been  done  by  Mme.  Naville.  In  these  re- 
constitutions  (PH.  xi.  and  xiv.)  nothing  has 
been  added  of  which  there  was  not  enough  left 
to  show  what  it  was.  No  figure  has  been 
introduced  if  there  was  not  a  part  of  it  which 
would  show  its  position  and  its  gestures.  From 
these  clues  they  could  be  completed,  what 
was  found  on  one  shrine  often  explaining  what 
was  on  another.  But  nothing  has  been  drawn 
of  which  there  was  not  at  least  a  trace.  All 
the  fragments,  of  which  there  are  more  than 
one  thousand,  have  not  been  published,  only 
those  which  could  show  how  the  work  of  re- 
constitution  has  been  done. 

PI.  XI.  The  entrance  to  the  shrine  of  Sadhe. 
For  this  monument  the  three  dimensions  are 
exactly  known,  they  are  all  2  m.  70,  so  that  the 
shrine  was  a  perfect  cube.  The  entrance  is 
75  cm.  The  representations,  as  on  the  sar- 
cophagi, are  taken  from  ordinary  life. 

PI.  XII.  Fragments  from  the  entrance,  a 
is  from  the  vertical  scene  on  the  door.  The 
figure  of  the  princess,  of  whom  the  head  only  is 
left,  had  to  be  reconstituted  from  that  of  Aashait 
(PI.  xvii.).  b  is  also  from  the  same  scene  and 
from  the  right  side,  the  butchering  of  a  bull, 
and  the  scene  where  the  king  is  with  the  prin- 
cess. C  shows  the  last  of  the  four  attendants, 
whose  name  is  Hori,  and  below  the  maid  offering 
flowers. 

PI.  XIII.  a  is  the  continuation  of  PI.  xii.  A, 
and  belongs  to  the  lower  part  of  the  right  side 
of  the  door.  The  top  block,  very  well  preserved, 
where  the  princess  receives  drink  from  an  atten- 
dant, is  at  the  museum  in  Cairo.  The  block 
showing  her  seat,  the  head  of  the  cow  and  the 
calf  has  also  been  brought  to  the  museum,  b  is 
the  same  corner,  but  seen  from  the  north  side. 


As  we  see  from  the  shrine  of  Aashait  (PI.  xiv.), 
each  side  was  divided  into  two  panels,  each  of 
which  again  was  in  two  parts.  The  king  stood 
on  the  back  part  and  in  front  of  him  the 
princess. 

PI.  XIV.  Reconstitution  of  the  south  side  of 
the  shrine  of  Aashait.  Each  side  was  divided  into 
two  panels,  each  having  two  doors,  which  may 
have  been  false  doors  (p.  9).  The  inscriptions 
on  the  cornice  are  merely  promises  of  offerings  to 
the  princess. 

PI.  XV.  a.  These  fragments  belong  to  the 
upper  part  of  one  of  the  south  side-panels  from 
the  shrine  of  Aashait.  We  have  to  notice  here, 
and  in  the  other  shrines,  that  the  colours  nearly 
always  represent  false  wood  of  various  tints. 
One  of  them  may  have  represented  ebony.  The 
whole  construction  seems  thus  to  have  been  an 
imitation  of  a  wooden  shrine  similar  to  that  we 
found  in  the  great  temple. 

The  emblems  like  Horus  heads  are  blue,  as 
are  also  the  hieroglyphs.  They  imitate  inlaid 
stones,  mostly  lapis  lazuli,  which  according  to  the 
rubrics  of  the  Book  of  the  Dead,  was  the  stone 
used  for  inscriptions. 

The  word  Ant,  [1       ,  in  the  horizontal  line,  I 

111  ^  © 

consider  as  meaning  Upper  Egypt. 

B  is  the  top  of  the  ribbed  cornice,  projecting 
forward  so  much  that  it  is  horizontal.  The  text 
is  part  of  a  list  of  festivals  :  "  the  first  pert,  the 
great  pert,  the  festival  of  Thoth." 

PL  XVI.  A.  The  lower  part  of  what  we  saw 
on  PL  xiv.  The  princess  with  a  light  green 
dress  held  by  a  girdle  and  braces.  She  has  in 
her  left  hand  a  lotus  flower. 

b.    Among  the  inscriptions  reproduced  here 

we  see  the  mention  of  the  holy  house,  ^  ^J, 

of  Mentuhetep.  It  is  probably  the  name  of  the 
temple,  which  we  have  not  found  elsewhere. 

The  other  inscriptions  are  fragments  of  the 
names  of  Aashait  or  Mentuhetep. 

PL  XVII.  If  we  turn  the  angle  on  the  right 
of  Aashait's  panel  (PL  xvi.  a),  we  reach  the  east 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


23 


side  where  was  the  entrance  and  a  representation 
very  like  that  of  the  shrine  of  Sadhe  (PL  xi.). 

b.  The  scene  above  the  door.  We  see  here 
the  princess  sitting  and  the  feet  of  her  attendant. 
It  is  from  that  figure  that  Sadhe  has  been  recon- 
stituted (PI.  xi.). 

a.  Instead  of  a  maid  bringing  a  lotus,  we  see 
one  of  the  attendants  who  is  called  Antef.  Below 
is  a  cow  suckling  her  calf.  The  two  animals  are 
red-spotted,  which  means  brown.  Those  we  have 
seen  on  Sadhe's  shrine  are  blue-spotted,  which 
is  the  conventional  colour  for  black.  Cow  and 
attendant  were  found  in  situ  (PI.  iii.  c). 

Plate  XVIII.  a.  Here  we  have  the  scene  of 
the  princess  with  the  king,  which  stood  on  the 
right  of  the  entrance.  The  top  block,  now  at  the 
museum  in  Cairo,  is  very  important,  since  it  gives 
the  names  of  the  king  and  princess.    The  king 

is  called  here    '  ^* 

Plate  XIX.  a.    Fragments  of  the  north  side 


of  the  shrine  of  Aashait.  The  colour  is  different ; 
part  of  the  ornaments  is  painted  red.  The  in- 
scriptions are  only  promises  of  offerings. 

B.  Part  of  this  side,  as  also  on  other  shrines, 
was  not  painted,  showing  that  the  monuments 
had  not  been  finished,  and  that  they  had  been 
inserted  after  the  temple  had  been  completed. 

PI.  XX.  The  east  side  of  the  shrine  of  Kemsit. 
The  princess  wears  a  dress  of  green  feathers  and 
ostrich  feathers  as  head-dress.  She  holds  a  red 
vase,  and  in  front  of  her  is  a  man  pouring  a 
liquid  into  a  cup.  The  inscription  above  is 
merely  a  promise  of  offerings. 

From  the  inscription  in  the  corner  we  see  that 
Kemsit  was  also  one  of  the  favourites  of  Mentu- 

hetep  III.,  whose  name  is  written  here 

Pll.  XXI.  and  XXII.  Plans  showing  what 
remains  of  the  temple  and  of  the  Ka  sanctuary. 

Pll.  XXIII.  and  XXIV.  Restoration  of  the 
temple. 


INDEX. 


INDEX  TO  PAET  II. 


Aamu,  or  Semites  of  the  Delta,  11,  21. 
Aashait,  shrine  of,  6,  7,  8,  22,  23. 
Abydos,  temple  of  Barneses  II.  at,  4. 
Alabaster  sarcophagus,  3,  21. 
Alabaster  shrine,  or  sanctuary,  4,  21. 
Altar  of  limestone,  2. 

Amenemha  Sebekhotep,  king  of  the  Xlllth  Dynasty,  11. 

Amenophis  I.,  king  of  the  XVIIIth  Dynasty,  12. 

Anion,  chief  object  of  worship  under  the  Xlth  Dynasty, 

7  ;  king  kneeling  before,  12. 
Amulets,  painted  above  the  king's  throne,  2. 
Ant,  or  Upper  Egypt,  7,  22. 

Antef,  governor  of  Thebes  and  founder  of  the  Xlth 

Dynasty,  10,  11. 
Antef,  an  attendant,  23. 
Anu  Khent,  a  Nubian,  11. 

Architectural  description  of  temple,  by  Mr.  Somers  Clarke, 
13-19. 

Aswan,  sandstone  from,  14. 

Bab  el-Hoc;1n,  the,  tomb  of  Mentuhetep  I.,  10. 
Bai,  the  chancellor,  inscription  of,  12,  21. 
Beni  Hassan,  polygonal  columns  in  rock-hewn  tombs 
at,  18. 

Bissing-Bruckmann  referred  to,  7,  11. 
Boat,  sacred,  carried  in  processions,  1,  4. 
Boats  with  figures,  in  ka  shrine,  4. 
Book  of  the  Dead,  22. 

Bond,  little  if  any  between  rubble  and  facing  of  wall,  14. 
Bricks,  3,  13. 

British  Museum,  stele  in,  10;  objects  in,  11,  12,  20. 
Bubastis,  inscriptions  of  Sebekhotep  found  at,  11. 
Budge,  Dr.,  list  of  kings  by,  11. 
Bull,  butchering  of,  on  shrine  of  princess,  8,  9,  22. 
Bust  of  one  of  the  princesses,  7,  20. 

Cairo  Museum,  objects  in,  4,  22,  23. 

Cartouche,  royal  name  enclosed  in,  2 ;  kings  with  single 
cartouche,  10,  11 ;  kings  with  two  cartouches,  10, 
11 ;  of  Mentuhetep  II.,  21 ;  of  various  kings,  21. 

"  Cave  of  Mentuhetep  II.,"  or  underground  ka  shrine, 
5,  11. 


Ceiling  of  temple,  sky  with  stars,  16. 

"  Chief  of  the  hunting  country,"  21. 

"  Chief  of  the  thirties,"  a  judicial  office,  12. 

Clarke,  Mr.  Somers,  his  architectural  description  of  the 
temple,  13-19 ;  his  argument  that  the  temple  was 
finished  before  the  shrines  of  the  princesses  were 
inserted,  7,  17. 

Clerestory,  admitting  light  to  the  temple,  16. 

Coffin  of  Kauit,  7,  8,  9. 

Colonnades,  1,  15. 

Colours,  representing  different  woods,  22 ;  spots  on  cows 

representing  colours,  23. 
Cow  suckling  calf,  on  panel  in  shrine  of  princess,  9, 

22,  23. 

Crypt  of  cathedral,  analogy  of  underground  ka  shrine 
with,  5. 

Dad,  the,  symbol  of  Osiris,  8,  9. 

Daressy,  M.,  his  account  of  Lord  Dufferin's  excava- 
tions, 3. 

Daschour,  comparison  with  objects  found  at,  4 ;  pyramid 
at,  16. 

Delta,  the,  subject  to  Mentuhetep  dynasty,  11. 
Dennis,  Mr.,  piece  of  bone  picked  up  by,  4. 
Doorways,  of  granite,  13  ;  very  narrow,  14,  15,  16. 
Dudumes,  king  of  the  XlVth  Dynasty,  12,  21. 
Dufferin,  Lord,  his  excavations,  2,  3,  20. 

Eyes,  on  sacred  oar,  10,  21. 

Eatio,  M.  Ed.,  his  joint  restoration  of  the  temple,  19. 
Elint,  nodules  of,  in  interior  of  pyramid  base,  16. 
Flowers,  offered  to  princesses,  9,  22. 
Frazer,  Mr.,  his  discovery  of  inscriptions  at  Gebelein,  12. 

Gebelein,  inscription  of,  7 ;  inscriptions  of  kings  of  the 

XlVth  Dynasty  found  by  Mr.  Frazer,  12. 
Geneva  Museum,  objects  in,  21. 
Gibel  Silsileh,  sandstone  from,  14,  18. 
Gizeh,  pyramids  at,  16. 
Granite,  used  only  for  doorways,  13,  14. 


28 


INDEX. 


Green  dress  of  princesses,  22,  23. 
Gurna,  clerestory  in  temple  of  Seti  at,  16. 

Hall,  Mr.  H.  E.,  his  account  of  the  gradual  uncovering  of 
the  ruins,  13 ;  his  description  of  the  interior  of  the 
pyramid  base,  16. 

Harmachis,  figure  of,  embracing  the  king,  2. 

Hatshepsu,  temple  of,  comparison  with,  2,  13,  16,  17. 

Hathor,  the  princesses  priestesses  of,  6  ;  Mentuhetep  III. 
specially  devoted  to  the  worship  of,  7 ;  no  symbols 
of,  on  shrines  of  the  princesses,  9  ;  cow  of,  18,  20 ; 
figures  of,  with  king  Mentuhetep,  21. 

Hawks  of  Horus,  rows  of,  8,  9. 

Henhenit,  shrine  of,  6,  7. 

Hcpet,  sign  of  the  sacred  oar,  with  eyes  on  the  blade,  10,  21. 

Hikct,  or  beer,  9. 

Horus  hawks,  rows  of,  8,  9. 

Horus  kings  of  the  Xlth  Dynasty,  10,  11. 

Hyksos,  the,  revival  of  architecture  after  expulsion  of,  18. 

Hypostyle  Hall,  the,  1,  18. 

Isis,  no  symbols  of,  9. 

Ka  shrine,  the,  at  end  of  underground  passage,  4,  5, 
18,  21. 

Karnak,  comparison  with  temple  at,  1  ;  list  of  kings  at, 
10 ;  monument  of  Sebekemsaf  at,  12 ;  clerestory  in 
temple  at,  16. 

Kauit,  shrine  of,  6,  7,  8,  9. 

Kemsit,  shrine  of,  6,  23. 

Lapis  lazuli,  stone  used  for  inscriptions,  22. 
Lieblein,  list  of  kings  by,  11. 
Lighting  of  temples  in  ancient  Egypt,  16. 
Limestone,  used  for  almost  all  the  walls,  13,  14. 
Lotus  capitals,  on  columns  in  shrines  of  princesses,  8. 

Mariette,  his  excavations,  3,  21. 

Maspero,  M.,  Lis  account  of  Lord  Dufferin's  excava- 
tions, 3. 

Materials  of  the  temple,  13,  14. 

Menephtah  Siphtah,  king  of  the  XXth  Dynasty,  12,  21. 
Mentuhetep  dynasty,  10,  11. 

Mentuhetep  I.,  founder  of  dynasty,  10,  11  ;  last  king  with 

single  cartouche,  10. 
Mentuhetep  II.,  inscriptions  of,  1,  2,  10,  11  ;  sculpture  of, 

as  god,  2 ;  first  king  to  take  two  cartouches,  11. 
Mentuhetep  III.,  the   princesses   favourites   of,   7 ;  a 

worshipper  of  Hathor,  7. 
Mentuhetep  IV.,  11. 


Mentuhetep  V.,  or  Sankhkara,  11. 
Mummy  cloth,  found  in  ka  shrine,  4. 

Naville,  Mine.,  her  reconstruction  of  the  shrines  of  the 

princesses,  6,  16,  22. 
Neb-hetep-Ea,  or  Mentuhetep  II.,  5,  10. 
Ncms,  or  cloth  in  which  the  body  was  wrapped,  5. 
New  York  Museum,  objects  in,  21. 
Nubian,  a,  sculpture  of  Mentuhetep  III.  chastising,  11. 

Oar,  hieroglyph  for,  10,  11,  21. 

Octagonal  columns,  14,  18. 

Osiris,  flail  of,  2 ;  dad,  symbol  of,  8,  9. 

Ostrich  feathers,  as  head-dress  of  princess  Kemsit,  23. 

Panels,  on  shrines  of  the  princesses,  8,  9,  22,  23. 
Pavements,  of  sandstone  and  limestone,  13,  14. 
Perspective  drawing  of  the  two  temples,  20. 
Pillar  Hall,  the,  15,  16,  17. 
Plan  of  the  temple,  15-19. 
Polygonal  columns,  a  feature  of  this  period,  18. 
Priestesses,  or  princesses,  shrines  of,  6-9,  16,  17,  22,  23. 
Princesses,  or  priestesses,  shrines  of,  6-9,  16,  17,  22,  23. 
Processions,  in  the  great  hall,  1,  14. 
"  Prophetess  of  Hathor,"  title  of  the  princesses,  6. 
Punt,  land  of,  perfumes  from,  9 ;  expedition  to,  11. 
Pyramid  base,  15,  16  ;  central  feature  in  restoration,  19. 
Pyramids,  the,  chamber  in,  4;  development  of  temples 
from,  16. 

Ea  Sebekhotep,  king  of  the  XIHth  Dynasty,  11. 
Eameses   II.,   restorations   by,   2,  21 ;    temple   of,  at 
Abydos,  4. 

Eameses  III.,  columns  in  the  temple  of,  18. 
Eamesseum,  the,  clerestory  in,  16. 
Eamp,  the,  15. 

Eestoration  of  the  temple,  by  Mr.  Somers  Clarke  and 

M.  Ed.  Fatio,  19,  20. 
Eitual,  11,  15. 

Eoof  of  the  temple,  14,  15,  16. 
Eoom  of  offerings,  2. 

Eubble,  in  interior  of  walls,  14;  in  interior  of  pyramid 
base,  16. 

Sadhe,  shrine  of,  6-9,  22,  23 ;   reconstitution  of  her 
figure,  22. 

Samtaui,  Horus  name  of  Mentuhetep  II.,  10,  11. 
Sanctuary  of  the  cow  of  Hathor,  18,  20. 
Sandstone,  used  in  the  temple,  13,  14. 
Sankhkhara,  or  Mentuhetep  V.,  11,  21. 
Sarcophagus  of  queen  Temem,  3,  21. 


INDEX. 


29 


Sebekemsaf,  king  of  the  XHIth  Dynasty,  12,  21. 
Sebekhotep,  king  of  the  Xlllth  Dynasty,  11,  21. 
Semites  of  the  Delta,  war  against,  by  Mentuhetep  II.,  11. 
Senebmaui,  king  (probably)  of  the  XlVth  Dynasty,  12,  21. 
Set,  figure  of,  behind  king,  2,  21. 

Shrines  of  the  princesses,  6-9,  16,  17,  22,  23 ;  temple 
constructed  before  shrines  were  inserted,  7,  17. 

Sky  with  stars,  on  shrines  of  princesses,  8 ;  on  ceilings  of 
temples,  16. 

Speos,  or  "  holy  of  holies,"  cut  out  of  the  Hypostyle 

Hall,  2,  18. 
Spots,  conventional  for  colour  of  cows,  23. 
Stele  of  XHth  Dynasty,  5. 
Syenite,  used  in  underground  shrine,  4. 
Symmetry,  want  of,  in  architecture  of  temples,  15. 

Table  of  offerings,  the,  2,  3,  21. 
Tt-bt,  or  shrine  of  the  ha,  4. 

Temem,  name  of  a  queen  in  an  inscription  now  lost,  3,  21. 
Theban  school,  art  of  the,  11,  20. 
Thebes,  Antef  governor  of,  10,  11. 


Thehennu,  or  white  Libyan,  11. 

Thoth,  festival  of,  22. 

Thothmes  III.,  chapel  renewed  by,  7. 

Tombs,  in  Hypostyle  Hall,  3. 

Tomb  shafts,  columns  standing  over,  17. 

Tunnel,  leading  to  empty  shrine,  1,  3,  18. 

Turin  Papyrus,  the,  princes  known  only  from,  11,  12. 

Underground  passage,  leading  to  empty  shrine,  1,  3-5,  18. 
Usckht,  the  "  wide  hall,"  or  "  hall  of  the  rising,"  1. 
Usertsen  (Senusrit)  III.,  statues  of,  11,  20;  his  daily 
offerings  to  the  ha  shrine,  5. 

"Valley  of  Neb-hetep-Ea,"  or  underground  ha  shrine, 
5,  11. 

Vaulted  underground  passage,  3. 

Walls,  construction  of,  14. 
War  scene,  21. 
Wooden  figures,  3. 
Wooden  shrine  of  a  king,  4. 


LONDON:  PRINTED  BY  WILLIAM  CLOWES  AND  SONS,  LIMITED, 
DUKE  STREET,  STAMFORD  STREET,  S.E.,  AND  GREAT  WINDMILL  STREET,  W. 


PLATES. 


Plate  I. 


THE  TWO  TEMPLES  AT  DEIR-EL-BAHARI 
Perspective  drawing  by  Ed.  FATIO,  architect 


Plate  II 


STATUE  OF  USERTSEN  HI  IN  THE  BRITISH  MUSEUM 


Plate  III. 


THE  END  OF  THE  TEMPLE 


Plate  IV. 

A 


ROCK-CUT  SHRINE  AND  ALTAR 


Plate  V. 


HALL  OF  THE  ALTAR 


Plate  VI. 


SCULPTURES  FROM  THE  HALL  OF  THE  ALTAR 


PA^AHF  AWP1  ^IIRTFPPAMFAM  ^AMr.TI  [ARY 


Plate  VIII. 


TOMB  OF  A  PRINCESS 


Plate  IX. 


SCULPTURES  FROM  VARIOUS  PARTS  OF  THE  TEMPLE 


Plate  X. 


Plate  XI. 


Plate  XII. 


SHRINE  OF  SADHE.  EAST  SIDE 


Plate  XIII 


Cravure  el  Impression  SADAG,  Secheron-Genive 


SHRINE  OF  SADHE.  -  A  EAST  SIDE.  -  B  NORTH  SIDE 


Plate  XIV. 


Plate  XV. 


SHRINE  OF  AASHAIT.  SOUTH  SIDE 


Gravure  el  Impression  SADAG,  Secheron- Geneve 


1 


Plate  XVI. 


Gravure  el  Impression  SAD  AG,  Seeker on- Geneve 


SHRINE  OF  AASHAIT.  SOUTH  SIDE 


) 


Plate  XVII. 


lire  el  Impression  SADAG,  Secheron-Geneve 


SHRINE  OF  AASHA1T.  EAST  SIDE 


Plate  XVIII. 


SHRINE  OF  AASHAIT.  EAST  SIDE 


I 


Plate  XIX. 


SHRINE  OF  AASHAIT.  NORTH  SIDE 


Plate  XX. 


THE    XIth  DYNASTY 


PLAN. 


0  ,    i   !       ?  «   f  »  i  10  j  «  »  «  g  |g  g  ■»  19 ?  jj  METRES. 
SCALE 


PLATE  XXI. 


THE   XIth   DYNASTY  TEMPLE,   DEIR    EL  BAHARI. 


PLATE  XXII. 


THE  KA-SANCTUARY 


PLATE  XXIII. 


>LE,  DEIR  EL  BAHARI. 


PLATE  XXIV. 


GETTY  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE 


3  3125  01409  8947 


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